One of the most epic engineering feats in history - Alex Gendler

1,402,232 views ใƒป 2020-02-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In the mid-19th century,
0
6690
1820
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
00:08
suspension bridges were collapsing all across Europe.
1
8510
4410
ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:12
Their industrial cables frayed during turbulent weather
2
12920
3403
ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื ืคืจืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืกื•ืขืจ
00:16
and snapped under the weight of their decks.
3
16323
2936
ื•ื ืงืจืขื• ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:19
So when a German-American engineer named John Roebling
4
19259
3461
ืื– ื›ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืก ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’
00:22
proposed building the largest and most expensive suspension bridge
5
22720
3790
ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงืจ
00:26
ever conceived over New Yorkโ€™s East River,
6
26510
3010
ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืขืœ ืื™ืกื˜ ืจื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
00:29
city officials were understandably skeptical.
7
29520
3130
ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
00:32
But Manhattan was increasingly overcrowded,
8
32650
2710
ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ
00:35
and commuters from Brooklyn clogged the river.
9
35360
3290
ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ.
00:38
In February of 1867, the government approved Roeblingโ€™s proposal.
10
38650
6111
ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1867, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’.
00:44
To avoid the failures of European bridges,
11
44761
2940
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื,
00:47
Roebling designed a hybrid bridge model.
12
47701
2659
ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™.
00:50
From suspension bridges,
13
50360
1330
ืžื’ืฉืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื,
00:51
he incorporated large cables supported by central pillars and anchored at each bank.
14
51690
6473
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื’ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื”.
00:58
This design was ideal for supporting long decks,
15
58163
3520
ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
01:01
which hung from smaller vertical cables.
16
61683
2615
ืฉื ื™ืชืœื• ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:04
But Roeblingโ€™s model also drew from cable-stayed bridges.
17
64298
4380
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื ืกืžืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื ืชืžืš ื›ื‘ืœื™ื.
01:08
These shorter structures held up their decks with diagonal cables
18
68678
3939
ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื
01:12
that ran directly to support towers.
19
72617
2771
ืฉื ืžืชื›ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื.
01:15
By adding these additional cables, Roebling improved the bridgeโ€™s stability,
20
75388
4904
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ,
01:20
while also reducing the weight on its anchor cables.
21
80292
3910
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
01:24
Similar designs had been used for some other bridges
22
84202
3186
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ืฉืจื™ื
01:27
but the scope of Roeblingโ€™s plan here dwarfed them all.
23
87388
3650
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื’ื™ืžื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
01:31
His new bridgeโ€™s deck spanned over 480 metersโ€”
24
91038
3927
ืžืคืชื— ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื ืžืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš 480 ืžื˜ืจ --
01:34
1.5 times longer than any previously built suspension bridge.
25
94965
5084
ืคื™ 1.5 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
01:40
Since standard hemp rope would tear under the deckโ€™s 14,680 tons,
26
100049
5779
ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืœื™ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืงืจืขื• ืชื—ืช 14,680 ื”ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ,
01:45
his proposal called for over 5,600 kilometers of metal wire
27
105828
5368
ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 5600 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืชื›ืช
01:51
to create the bridgeโ€™s cables.
28
111196
2290
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
01:53
To support all this weight,
29
113486
1636
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื–ื”,
01:55
the towers would need to stand over 90 meters above sea levelโ€”
30
115122
4330
ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืขืœ 90 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื --
01:59
making them the tallest structures in the Western Hemisphere.
31
119452
4382
ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
02:03
Roebling was confident his design would work,
32
123834
2480
ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
02:06
but while surveying the site in 1869,
33
126314
3128
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ื‘ 1869,
02:09
an incoming boat crushed his foot against the dock.
34
129442
3940
ืกื™ืจื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืจื™ืกืงื” ืืช ืจื’ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื—.
02:13
Within a month, tetanus had claimed his life.
35
133382
4193
ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
02:17
Fortunately, John Roebling's son, Washington, was also a trained engineer
36
137575
4982
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื•ืกืžืš
02:22
and took over his fatherโ€™s role.
37
142557
3020
ื•ืœืงื— ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•.
02:25
The following year, construction on the tower foundations finally began.
38
145577
5163
ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
02:30
This first step in construction was also the most challenging.
39
150740
3810
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืืชื’ืจ.
02:34
Building on the rocky river bed involved the use of a largely untested technology:
40
154550
5695
ื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืกืœืขื™ืช ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื”:
02:40
pneumatic caissons.
41
160245
1780
ืชืื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืคื ืื•ืžื˜ื™ื.
02:42
Workers lowered these airtight wooden boxes into the river,
42
162025
4290
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืขืฅ ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจ,
02:46
where a system of pipes pumped pressurized air in and water out.
43
166315
5186
ืฉื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:51
Once established, air locks allowed workers to enter the chamber
44
171501
3860
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื•, ืชืื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื
02:55
and excavate the river bottom.
45
175361
2185
ื•ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ.
02:57
They placed layers of stone on top of the caisson as they dug.
46
177546
4190
ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืคืจื•.
03:01
When it finally hit the bedrock, they filled it with concrete,
47
181736
3493
ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืกืœืข ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื”ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:05
becoming the towerโ€™s permanent foundation.
48
185229
2727
ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื.
03:07
Working conditions in these caissons were dismal and dangerous.
49
187956
3940
ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
03:11
Lit only by candles and gas lamps, the chambers caught fire several times,
50
191896
5213
ื”ื•ืืจื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื–, ื”ืชืื™ื ื ื“ืœืงื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
03:17
forcing them to be evacuated and flooded.
51
197109
3500
ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืคืชื.
03:20
Even more dangerous was a mysterious ailment called "the bends."
52
200609
4507
ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืžื•ื“ืื™ื.
03:25
Today, we understand this as decompression sickness,
53
205116
3173
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื—ืœืช ื“ื™ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”,
03:28
but at the time, it appeared to be an unexplainable pain or dizziness
54
208289
4231
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ื›ื›ืื‘ ื•ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช ืœื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื
03:32
that killed several workmen.
55
212520
2091
ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:34
In 1872, it nearly claimed the life of the chief engineer.
56
214611
4729
ื‘ 1872, ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืจืืฉื™.
03:39
Washington survived, but was left paralyzed and bedridden.
57
219340
4270
ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื“, ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื•ืžืจื•ืชืง ืœืžื™ื˜ื”.
03:43
Yet once again, the Roeblings proved indomitable.
58
223610
3573
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืกื”.
03:47
Washingtonโ€™s wife Emily not only carried communications
59
227183
3588
ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืœื™ ืœื ืจืง ื ืฉืื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
03:50
between her husband and the engineers,
60
230771
2310
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
03:53
but soon took over day-to-day project management.
61
233081
3700
ืืœื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™.
03:56
Unfortunately, the bridgeโ€™s troubles were far from over.
62
236781
3720
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืœื”ื’ืžืจ.
04:00
By 1877, construction was over budget and behind schedule.
63
240501
4798
ืขื“ 1877, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืื™ื—ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“.
04:05
Worse still, it turned out the bridgeโ€™s cable contractor
64
245299
3370
ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ
04:08
had been selling them faulty wires.
65
248669
2586
ืžื›ืจ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื.
04:11
This would have been a fatal flaw if not for the abundant failsafes
66
251255
3770
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืื ืœื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืืœ ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
04:15
in John Roeblingโ€™s design.
67
255025
2870
ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’.
04:17
After reinforcing the cables with additional wires,
68
257895
3110
ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
ื”ื ืชืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœืง.
04:21
they suspended the deck piece by piece.
69
261005
3844
04:24
It took 14 years, the modern equivalent of over 400 million dollars,
70
264849
5133
ื–ื” ืœืงื— 14 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
04:29
and the lifeโ€™s work of three different Roeblings,
71
269982
3450
ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:33
but when the Brooklyn Bridge finally opened on May 24, 1883,
72
273432
4876
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื ืคืชื— ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ 24 ื‘ืžืื™, 1883,
04:38
its splendor was undeniable.
73
278308
2520
ื”ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืœื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
04:40
Today, the Brooklyn Bridge still stands atop its antique caissons,
74
280828
4497
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•,
04:45
supporting the gothic towers and intersecting cables
75
285325
3042
ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื
04:48
that frame a gateway to New York City.
76
288367
2850
ืฉืžืžืกื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7