One of the most epic engineering feats in history - Alex Gendler

1,372,038 views ・ 2020-02-11

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: MinJeong LEE κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
In the mid-19th century,
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19μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜,
00:08
suspension bridges were collapsing all across Europe.
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유럽 전역에 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μˆ˜κ΅κ°€ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
Their industrial cables frayed during turbulent weather
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κΈ‰λ³€ν•˜λŠ” λ‚ μ”¨λ‘œ 인해 κ³΅μ—…μš© 케이블이 ν—κ±°μ›Œμ§€κ³ 
00:16
and snapped under the weight of their decks.
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κ΅μƒμ˜ 무게λ₯Ό λͺ» 견디고 λ‹³κ³  λŠμ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
00:19
So when a German-American engineer named John Roebling
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‘΄ λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ΄λΌλŠ” ν•œ 독일계 미ꡭ인 κ³΅ν•™μžκ°€
00:22
proposed building the largest and most expensive suspension bridge
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κ°€μž₯ 크고 λΉ„μ‹Ό ν˜„μˆ˜κ΅λ₯Ό
00:26
ever conceived over New York’s East River,
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λ‰΄μš• 동뢀 지역 강에 짓겠닀고 ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
00:29
city officials were understandably skeptical.
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μ‹œκ³΅λ¬΄μ›λ“€μ€ λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ νšŒμ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
But Manhattan was increasingly overcrowded,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ§¨ν•΄νŠΌμ€ 갈수둝 뢐비고
00:35
and commuters from Brooklyn clogged the river.
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κ°•μ—λŠ” λΈŒλ£¨ν΄λ¦°μ—μ„œ ν†΅κ·Όν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ κ°€λ“ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
In February of 1867, the government approved Roebling’s proposal.
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1867λ…„ 2μ›”, μ •λΆ€λŠ” λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ˜ μ œμ•ˆμ„ μŠΉμΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
To avoid the failures of European bridges,
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유럽의 닀리와 같은 μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:47
Roebling designed a hybrid bridge model.
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λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ€ ν˜Όν•© λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ„€κ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
From suspension bridges,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν˜„μˆ˜κ΅μ—μ„œ μ°©μ•ˆν•˜μ—¬
00:51
he incorporated large cables supported by central pillars and anchored at each bank.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 케이블을 쀑앙 κΈ°λ‘₯λ“€μœΌλ‘œ λ°›μΉ˜κ³  λ‘‘μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
This design was ideal for supporting long decks,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ꡬ상은 더 μž‘μ€ 수직 케이블에 맀달렀 μžˆλŠ”
01:01
which hung from smaller vertical cables.
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κΈ°λ‹€λž€ ꡐ상을 λ°›μΉ˜λŠ” 데 μ΄μƒμ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
But Roebling’s model also drew from cable-stayed bridges.
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λ˜ν•œ λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ€ 사μž₯ꡐλ₯Ό μ°Έκ³ ν•΄μ„œ 이 닀리λ₯Ό κ΅¬μƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
These shorter structures held up their decks with diagonal cables
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 짧은 ꡬ쑰물듀은 κΈ°λ‘₯을 직접 λ°›μΉ˜λ„λ‘
01:12
that ran directly to support towers.
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λŒ€κ°μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœ 케이블듀을 κ³ μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
By adding these additional cables, Roebling improved the bridge’s stability,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 케이블을 λ”ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ€ λ‹€λ¦¬μ˜ μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ„ λ†’μ˜€κ³ 
01:20
while also reducing the weight on its anchor cables.
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λ˜ν•œ κ³ μ • μΌ€μ΄λΈ”μ˜ λ¬΄κ²Œλ„ μ€„μ˜€μ£ .
01:24
Similar designs had been used for some other bridges
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이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ””μžμΈμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 닀리에도 μ“°μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
01:27
but the scope of Roebling’s plan here dwarfed them all.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ΄ μ„Έμš΄ κ³„νšμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 닀리듀을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
His new bridge’s deck spanned over 480 metersβ€”
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그의 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹€λ¦¬μ˜ ꡐ상은 길이가 480m μ΄μƒμ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
01:34
1.5 times longer than any previously built suspension bridge.
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μ΄μ „μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ ν˜„μˆ˜κ΅λ³΄λ‹€λ„ 1.5λ°° 더 κΈ΄ κΈΈμ΄μ˜€μ£ .
01:40
Since standard hemp rope would tear under the deck’s 14,680 tons,
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기쑴에 μ‚ΌμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  밧쀄은 14,680톀에 λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” κ΅μƒμ˜ 무게둜 λŠμ–΄μ Έμ„œ
01:45
his proposal called for over 5,600 kilometers of metal wire
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5,600km μ΄μƒμ˜ κΈˆμ† μ™€μ΄μ–΄λ‘œ
01:51
to create the bridge’s cables.
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λ‹€λ¦¬μ˜ 케이블을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
To support all this weight,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  무게λ₯Ό 견디기 μœ„ν•΄
01:55
the towers would need to stand over 90 meters above sea levelβ€”
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κΈ°λ‘₯은 ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄λ³΄λ‹€ 90m 이상 λ†’μ•„μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
making them the tallest structures in the Western Hemisphere.
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μ„œλ°˜κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 건좕물이 됐죠.
02:03
Roebling was confident his design would work,
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λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ€ κ³„νšμ΄ 성곡할 것이라고 μžμ‹ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:06
but while surveying the site in 1869,
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1869년에 닀리λ₯Ό 지을 지역을 쑰사할 λ•Œ
02:09
an incoming boat crushed his foot against the dock.
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μ ‘κ·Όν•˜λŠ” λ°°κ°€ λ°œμ„ 짓이기고 λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Within a month, tetanus had claimed his life.
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κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° ν•œλ‹¬ ν›„, κ·ΈλŠ” νŒŒμƒν’μœΌλ‘œ 생을 λ§ˆκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
Fortunately, John Roebling's son, Washington, was also a trained engineer
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„ μ‘΄ λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ˜ 아듀인 μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ λ˜ν•œ μˆ™λ ¨λœ κ³΅ν•™μžλΌ
02:22
and took over his father’s role.
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아듀이 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ 일을 뒀이어 λ§‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
The following year, construction on the tower foundations finally began.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ κ·Έ λ‹€μŒν•΄μ— 기반 건섀이 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
This first step in construction was also the most challenging.
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이 첫걸음 쑰차도 무척 νž˜λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
Building on the rocky river bed involved the use of a largely untested technology:
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돌둜 κ°€λ“ν•œ κ°• λ°”λ‹₯에 κ±΄μ„€ν•˜λŠ” 것은 κ²€μ¦λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
pneumatic caissons.
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곡기식 격리싀 같은 기술 말이죠.
02:42
Workers lowered these airtight wooden boxes into the river,
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λ…Έλ™μžλ“€μ€ λ°€νλœ λ‚˜λ¬΄ μƒμžλ₯Ό 강에 μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬
02:46
where a system of pipes pumped pressurized air in and water out.
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νŒŒμ΄ν”„μ— μ••μΆ• 곡기가 μ£Όμž…λ˜κ³  물이 λ‚˜μ˜€λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
Once established, air locks allowed workers to enter the chamber
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건섀이 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μž, κ±΄μ„€μ—…μžλ“€μ€ μ—μ–΄λ‘œν¬ 곡간에 λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
02:55
and excavate the river bottom.
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κ°• λ°”λ‹₯을 νŒ” 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
They placed layers of stone on top of the caisson as they dug.
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땅을 판 ν›„ μž ν•¨ μœ„μ— 돌둜 측을 μŒ“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
When it finally hit the bedrock, they filled it with concrete,
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κΈ°λ°˜μ•”μ„ λΆ€μ‹œκ³  콘크리트둜 μ±„μ›Œλ„£μ–΄
03:05
becoming the tower’s permanent foundation.
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λΆ€μ„œμ§€μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν† λŒ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
Working conditions in these caissons were dismal and dangerous.
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κ²©λ¦¬μ‹€μ—μ„œμ˜ μž‘μ—…μ€ μš°μšΈν•˜κ³  μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
Lit only by candles and gas lamps, the chambers caught fire several times,
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μ–‘μ΄ˆμ™€ κ°€μŠ€λ“±μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆμ„ 밝힌 μž‘μ—…μž₯은 λͺ‡ μ°¨λ‘€ 뢈이 λ‚¬μœΌλ©°
03:17
forcing them to be evacuated and flooded.
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λŒ€ν”Όν•˜κ³  침수될 μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Even more dangerous was a mysterious ailment called "the bends."
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무엇보닀 μœ„ν—˜ν–ˆλ˜ 것은 의문의 μ§ˆλ³‘ "μž μˆ˜λ³‘" μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Today, we understand this as decompression sickness,
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 병이 κ°μ••μ¦μž„μ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜
03:28
but at the time, it appeared to be an unexplainable pain or dizziness
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 아직 λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 고톡 λ˜λŠ” ν˜„κΈ°μ¦μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
that killed several workmen.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μž‘μ—…μžλ“€μ€ 이 λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ 죽기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
In 1872, it nearly claimed the life of the chief engineer.
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1872λ…„, κ²°κ΅­ μˆ˜μ„ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ„ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ μžƒμ„λ»” ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
Washington survived, but was left paralyzed and bedridden.
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μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄μ€ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ–΄ λͺΈμ Έλˆ„μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Yet once again, the Roeblings proved indomitable.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ€ 뢈꡴의 μ˜μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
Washington’s wife Emily not only carried communications
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μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄μ˜ μ•„λ‚΄ μ—λ°€λ¦¬λŠ”
03:50
between her husband and the engineers,
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λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ 도왔을 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:53
but soon took over day-to-day project management.
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맀일 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ 관리도 λ§‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Unfortunately, the bridge’s troubles were far from over.
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μ•„μ‰½κ²Œλ„, 닀리 κ±΄μ„€μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ λ“€μ΄ 해결될 κΈ°λ―ΈλŠ” 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
By 1877, construction was over budget and behind schedule.
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1877λ…„, 건섀은 μ˜ˆμ‚°μ„ μ΄ˆκ³Όν•˜μ—¬ μ˜ˆμ •λ³΄λ‹€ 미루어 μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
Worse still, it turned out the bridge’s cable contractor
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κ°€λœ©μ΄λ‚˜ 닀리 케이블 λ„κΈ‰μ—…μžκ°€
04:08
had been selling them faulty wires.
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λΆˆλŸ‰ν’ˆ 선을 νŒλ§€ν•œ 사싀이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
This would have been a fatal flaw if not for the abundant failsafes
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λ§Œμ•½ 이쀑 μ•ˆμ „μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ 치λͺ…적인 결함이 λμ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
in John Roebling’s design.
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이 λ˜ν•œ μ‘΄ λ‘œλΈ”λ§μ˜ μ„€κ³„μ˜€μ£ .
04:17
After reinforcing the cables with additional wires,
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선을 μΆ”κ°€ν•˜μ—¬ 케이블을 κ°•ν™” μ‹œν‚¨ ν›„
04:21
they suspended the deck piece by piece.
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μ‘°κΈˆμ”© κ°‘νŒμ— κ±Έμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
It took 14 years, the modern equivalent of over 400 million dollars,
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14λ…„μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸렸으며 ν˜„μž¬ κ°€μΉ˜λ‘œ μ•½ 4μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ 이상과
04:29
and the life’s work of three different Roeblings,
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λ‘œλΈ”λ§κ°€ μ„Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 삢이 λ“€μ–΄κ°”μ£ .
04:33
but when the Brooklyn Bridge finally opened on May 24, 1883,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 브루클린 λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 1883λ…„ 5μ›” 24일에 κ°œν†΅λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
04:38
its splendor was undeniable.
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κ·Έ ν›Œλ₯­ν•¨μ„ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μΈμ •λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
Today, the Brooklyn Bridge still stands atop its antique caissons,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  브루클린 λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 였래된 격리싀 μœ„μ— 있으며
04:45
supporting the gothic towers and intersecting cables
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고딕풍 탑과 ꡐ차 케이블을 λ– λ°›μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
that frame a gateway to New York City.
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λ‰΄μš•μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 문을 λ§Œλ“€λ©° λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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