The most lightning-struck place on Earth - Graeme Anderson

571,232 views ใƒป 2016-01-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Ravia ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
The epic poem "La Dragontea"
0
6840
1807
ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืืคื™ืช ืดื”ื“ืจื’ื ื•ื˜ื”ืด
00:08
describes how English explorer Sir Francis Drake
1
8647
2771
ืžืชืืจืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืกืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืง,
00:11
sailed across the Gulf of Venezuela in 1595.
2
11418
4887
ื—ืฆื” ืืช ืžืคืจืฅ ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘-1595.
00:16
He was aiming for the nearby Lake Maracaibo,
3
16305
2552
ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืคืขืžื™ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืื’ื ืžืจืงืื™ื‘ื•,
00:18
home to a colony of Spanish settlers he planned to overthrow.
4
18857
4661
ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ.
00:23
But as Drake moved towards the mouth of the lake under cover of darkness,
5
23518
4312
ืืš ื›ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืง ื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื’ื ืชื—ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”,
00:27
his plot was suddenly and magnificently foiled.
6
27830
4060
ืžื–ื™ืžืชื• ืกื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช.
00:31
Huge flashes of lightning illuminated the landscape,
7
31890
3802
ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืื™ืžืชื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
00:35
exposing the fleet as if it were daytime,
8
35692
3146
ื•ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื,
00:38
which warned the Spanish about his approach.
9
38838
2777
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”.
00:41
Lake Maracaibo is the stormiest place on the planet.
10
41615
4338
ืื’ื ืžืจืงืื™ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:45
The massive body of water at over 13,000 square kilometers
11
45953
4737
ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 13,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
00:50
is a place of almost perpetual storming.
12
50690
3285
ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืกืขืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”,
00:53
Thunderstorms rage above it for up to 200 days of the year,
13
53975
3695
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื“ 200 ื™ืžื™ ืกืขืจื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
00:57
each earsplitting event lasting for several hours.
14
57670
4282
ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื—ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช.
01:01
Like everywhere else on Earth,
15
61952
2028
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:03
lightning at Lake Maracaibo is the result of opposing electrical charges
16
63980
4221
ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืื’ื ืžืจืงืื™ื‘ื• ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื
01:08
that steadily build up inside storm clouds.
17
68201
3090
ืฉื ืขืจืžื™ื ืื˜ ืื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื ื ื™ ืกืขืจื”.
01:11
Once there's a large enough difference between charges either within the cloud
18
71291
4023
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืžืกืคืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจื”,
01:15
or between the clouds and the Earth below,
19
75314
3020
ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื”ืขื ืŸ ืœืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื˜ื”,
01:18
it forms a spark that becomes a lightning bolt.
20
78334
3771
ื ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืจืง.
01:22
Lightning strikes the earth about 350 million times per year,
21
82105
4407
ื‘ืจืง ืžื›ื” ื‘ืื“ืžืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ 350 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
01:26
averaging out to eleven strikes a second.
22
86512
2899
ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 11 ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:29
We know that thanks to satellites up in space and sensors on the ground.
23
89411
4145
ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
01:33
We can also measure the Earth's lightning density,
24
93556
3164
ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:36
which is the frequency with which lightning flashes in a square kilometer.
25
96720
5175
ืžื“ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืื—ื“.
01:41
Knowing where lightning strikes and how often
26
101895
2453
ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:44
reveals the most lightning-rich places on Earth.
27
104348
3887
ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:48
In the polar regions,
28
108235
1934
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
01:50
there may only be one strike per several square kilometers each year.
29
110169
4894
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื‘ืจืง ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืงืž"ืจ.
01:55
Meanwhile, lightning density at the equator
30
115063
2320
ื›ื ื’ื“, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”
01:57
averages out to tens of flashes per square kilometer
31
117383
3669
ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืงืž"ืจ ืื—ื“,
02:01
on account of the sun providing more heat to drive storms.
32
121052
4636
ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกืคืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกืขืจื•ืช.
02:05
Yet nowhere can quite compare with Lake Maracaibo,
33
125688
3445
ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœืื’ื ืžืจืงืื™ื‘ื•,
02:09
where lightning strikes an average 250 times per square kilometer,
34
129133
5114
ืขื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 250 ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืงืž"ืจ ืื—ื“.
02:14
giving it the highest lightning density of any place on Earth.
35
134247
4315
ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืขื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:18
A number of factors converge to create the lake's seemingly everlasting storms.
36
138562
5374
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžืื’ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืื’ื ื–ื”.
02:23
Firstly, Lake Maracaibo lies just ten degrees north of the Equator,
37
143936
4931
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื’ื ืžืžื•ืงื ืจืง 10 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
02:28
so there's a wealth of solar energy available to fuel the storms.
38
148867
4632
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
02:33
Thunderstorms also require a supply of water vapor to feed on,
39
153499
4119
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืกืขืจื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื,
02:37
and having the warm waters of the Caribbean so close by
40
157618
3245
ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืื’ื,
02:40
provides an endless supply.
41
160863
2612
ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืกืคืงืช ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
02:43
Finally, the lake's southern and western edges
42
163475
2604
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื
02:46
are bordered by two massive mountain ranges,
43
166079
3098
ื’ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
02:49
and as cool winds surge down these slopes,
44
169177
3086
ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจื•ืช ืžื ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื•,
02:52
they force up warm air,
45
172263
2153
ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:54
destabilizing the atmosphere and causing storm clouds to form.
46
174416
4799
ืžืขืจืขืจื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ ืกืขืจื”.
02:59
Together, these ingredients combine
47
179215
1930
ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
03:01
to give rise to the most awe-inspiring thunderstorms on the planet,
48
181145
4958
ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืคืข ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
03:06
a true sight to behold.
49
186103
2058
ืžื—ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื•.
03:08
Centuries ago, Sir Francis Drake may have cursed the lake's intense illumination,
50
188161
5057
ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืกืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืง ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื™ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืขื–ื” ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ืื’ื,
03:13
but today, sailors actually embrace this phenomenon.
51
193218
3858
ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืžืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•.
03:17
They call it the Maracaibo Beacon,
52
197076
2315
ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ืืช ืžืจืงืื™ื‘ื•,
03:19
and use it as a natural lighthouse to illuminate their path across the seas.
53
199391
4563
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ืืจืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื ื”ื™ืžื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7