The mysterious origins of life on Earth - Luka Seamus Wright

1,242,488 views ใƒป 2019-08-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:08
Billions of years ago on the young planet Earth
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ
00:12
simple organic compounds assembled into more complex coalitions
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ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื‘ื• ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:17
that could grow and reproduce.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ.
00:20
They were the very first life on Earth,
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:23
and they gave rise to every one of the billions of species
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
00:27
that have inhabited our planet since.
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ืฉืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื–.
00:30
At the time, Earth was almost completely devoid
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื˜ื•ืœ
00:33
of what weโ€™d recognize as a suitable environment for living things.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:38
The young planet had widespread volcanic activity
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ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ืขื ืคื”
00:41
and an atmosphere that created hostile conditions.
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ื•ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืชื ืื™ื ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:45
So where on Earth could life begin?
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ืื– ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ?
00:48
To begin the search for the cradle of life,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืขืจืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:51
itโ€™s important to first understand the basic necessities for any life form.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:56
Elements and compounds essential to life include hydrogen, methane, nitrogen,
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ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืžืชืืŸ, ื—ื ืงืŸ,
01:01
carbon dioxide, phosphates, and ammonia.
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืคื•ืกืคืื˜ื™ื, ื•ืืžื•ื ื™ื”.
01:05
In order for these ingredients to comingle and react with each other,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:09
they need a liquid solvent: water.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืžืก ื ื•ื–ืœื™: ืžื™ื.
01:13
And in order to grow and reproduce,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
01:15
all life needs a source of energy.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:19
Life forms are divided into two camps:
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช:
01:22
autotrophs, like plants, that generate their own energy,
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืชืจื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
01:26
and heterotrophs, like animals, that consume other organisms for energy.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืชืจื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:31
The first life form wouldnโ€™t have had other organisms to consume, of course,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
01:35
so it must have been an autotroph,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืชืจื•ืคื™ืช,
01:38
generating energy either from the sun or from chemical gradients.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื• ืžืžืคืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:43
So what locations meet these criteria?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
01:46
Places on land or close to the surface of the ocean
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
01:49
have the advantage of access to sunlight.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:52
But at the time when life began, the UV radiation on Earthโ€™s surface
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•, ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:57
was likely too harsh for life to survive there.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื.
02:01
One setting offers protection from this radiation
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ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:04
and an alternative energy source:
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™:
02:07
the hydrothermal vents that wind across the ocean floor,
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ื”ืžื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:11
covered by kilometers of seawater and bathed in complete darkness.
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ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ืืคื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
02:16
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in the Earthโ€™s crust
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ืžื ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืข ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:20
where seawater seeps into magma chambers
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ื‘ื• ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ืœืชืื™ ืžื’ืžื”
02:23
and is ejected back out at high temperatures,
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ื•ืื– ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
02:27
along with a rich slurry of minerals and simple chemical compounds.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืจืง ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืชืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
02:32
Energy is particularly concentrated
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช
02:35
at the steep chemical gradients of hydrothermal vents.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื.
02:39
Thereโ€™s another line of evidence that points to hydrothermal vents:
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ื™ืฉ ืงื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื:
02:42
the Last Universal Common Ancestor of life, or LUCA for short.
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ื”ืื‘ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื• LUCA ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ.
02:48
LUCA wasnโ€™t the first life form, but itโ€™s as far back as we can trace.
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LUCA ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืชืจ.
02:54
Even so, we donโ€™t actually know what LUCA looked likeโ€”
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืš LUCA ื ืจืื” --
02:57
thereโ€™s no LUCA fossil, no modern-day LUCA still aroundโ€”
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ LUCA, ืื™ืŸ LUCA ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --
03:02
instead, scientists identified genes that are commonly found in species
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื
03:07
across all three domains of life that exist today.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:11
Since these genes are shared across species and domains,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
03:15
they must have been inherited from a common ancestor.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
03:19
These shared genes tell us that LUCA lived in a hot, oxygen-free place
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉ LUCA ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
03:25
and harvested energy from a chemical gradientโ€”
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ื•ืืกืฃ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžืคืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ --
03:28
like the ones at hydrothermal vents.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื‘ืžื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื.
03:31
There are two kinds of hydrothermal vent:
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื:
03:34
black smokers and white smokers.
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ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ.
03:37
Black smokers release acidic, carbon-dioxide-rich water,
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ืžื ื“ืคื™ ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
03:41
heated to hundreds of degrees Celsius and packed with sulphur, iron, copper,
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ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื ืœืžืื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื•ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื ื—ื•ืฉืช,
03:47
and other metals essential to life.
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ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:50
But scientists now believe that black smokers were too hot for LUCAโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžื ื“ืคื™ ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœLUCA --
03:55
so now the top candidates for the cradle of life are white smokers.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืจืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื ื“ืคื™ ืขืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ.
04:00
Among the white smokers,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื ื“ืคื™ ืขืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ,
04:01
a field of hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge called Lost City
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ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ืืžืฆืข ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”
04:07
has become the most favored candidate for the cradle of life.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืจืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:11
The seawater expelled here is highly alkaline and lacks carbon dioxide,
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืคื” ื”ื ืืœืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
04:16
but is rich in methane and offers more hospitable temperatures.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ื.
04:21
Adjacent black smokers may have contributed the carbon dioxide necessary
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ืžื ื“ืคื™ ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืžื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ
04:25
for life to evolve at Lost City,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:28
giving it all the components to support the first organisms
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ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:31
that radiated into the incredible diversity of life on Earth today.
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ืฉื ืคืจืกื• ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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