The mysterious origins of life on Earth - Luka Seamus Wright

1,140,111 views ใƒป 2019-08-26

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yunjung Nam ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seoyoon Jung
00:08
Billions of years ago on the young planet Earth
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„ ์ „, ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:12
simple organic compounds assembled into more complex coalitions
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
00:17
that could grow and reproduce.
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ฒด๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
They were the very first life on Earth,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,
00:23
and they gave rise to every one of the billions of species
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์˜ ์ข…์—๊ฒŒ
00:27
that have inhabited our planet since.
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
At the time, Earth was almost completely devoid
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ, ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด
00:33
of what weโ€™d recognize as a suitable environment for living things.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
The young planet had widespread volcanic activity
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์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ํ™”์‚ฐํ™œ๋™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,
00:41
and an atmosphere that created hostile conditions.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:45
So where on Earth could life begin?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:48
To begin the search for the cradle of life,
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด,
00:51
itโ€™s important to first understand the basic necessities for any life form.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Elements and compounds essential to life include hydrogen, methane, nitrogen,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์›์†Œ์™€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์—๋Š”
์ˆ˜์†Œ, ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ, ์งˆ์†Œ,
01:01
carbon dioxide, phosphates, and ammonia.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ, ์ธ์‚ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
In order for these ingredients to comingle and react with each other,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด
01:09
they need a liquid solvent: water.
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๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ์šฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
And in order to grow and reproduce,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
01:15
all life needs a source of energy.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:19
Life forms are divided into two camps:
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
autotrophs, like plants, that generate their own energy,
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์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๊ฐ€์˜์–‘์ฒด๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:26
and heterotrophs, like animals, that consume other organisms for energy.
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๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…์†์˜์–‘์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
The first life form wouldnโ€™t have had other organisms to consume, of course,
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ
01:35
so it must have been an autotroph,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ž๊ฐ€์˜์–‘์ฒด๋กœ,
01:38
generating energy either from the sun or from chemical gradients.
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ•™๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
So what locations meet these criteria?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:46
Places on land or close to the surface of the ocean
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์ด
01:49
have the advantage of access to sunlight.
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ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
But at the time when life began, the UV radiation on Earthโ€™s surface
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:57
was likely too harsh for life to survive there.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ˜น๋…ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
One setting offers protection from this radiation
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์ž์™ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
02:04
and an alternative energy source:
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด ์ค€ ๊ณณ์€
02:07
the hydrothermal vents that wind across the ocean floor,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•ด์ €์˜ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
covered by kilometers of seawater and bathed in complete darkness.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์น ํ™๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋‘ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎํžŒ ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
02:16
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in the Earthโ€™s crust
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์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ์— ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ,
02:20
where seawater seeps into magma chambers
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋งˆ์— ์นจํˆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:23
and is ejected back out at high temperatures,
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๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ„์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:27
along with a rich slurry of minerals and simple chemical compounds.
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๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Energy is particularly concentrated
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜
02:35
at the steep chemical gradients of hydrothermal vents.
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ํ™”ํ•™๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์— ๋†์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:39
Thereโ€™s another line of evidence that points to hydrothermal vents:
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์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
the Last Universal Common Ancestor of life, or LUCA for short.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์กฐ์ƒ, ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ๋ฃจ์นด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
LUCA wasnโ€™t the first life form, but itโ€™s as far back as we can trace.
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๋ฃจ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Even so, we donโ€™t actually know what LUCA looked likeโ€”
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์นด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:57
thereโ€™s no LUCA fossil, no modern-day LUCA still aroundโ€”
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๋ฃจ์นด์˜ ํ™”์„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ ๋ฃจ์นด๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
instead, scientists identified genes that are commonly found in species
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—์„œ
03:07
across all three domains of life that exist today.
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๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Since these genes are shared across species and domains,
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:15
they must have been inherited from a common ancestor.
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๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™”์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
These shared genes tell us that LUCA lived in a hot, oxygen-free place
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๊ณตํ†ต์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ฃจ์นด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์˜จ์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์„œ์‹ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
03:25
and harvested energy from a chemical gradientโ€”
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์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
like the ones at hydrothermal vents.
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03:31
There are two kinds of hydrothermal vent:
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์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
black smokers and white smokers.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค์™€ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
03:37
Black smokers release acidic, carbon-dioxide-rich water,
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๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค๋Š” ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
heated to hundreds of degrees Celsius and packed with sulphur, iron, copper,
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์„ญ์”จ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋˜๊ณ 
ํ™ฉ, ์ฒ ๋ถ„, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์†์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
and other metals essential to life.
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03:50
But scientists now believe that black smokers were too hot for LUCAโ€”
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค๋Š” ๋ฃจ์นด๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
so now the top candidates for the cradle of life are white smokers.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
Among the white smokers,
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ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„,
04:01
a field of hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge called Lost City
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์ค‘์•™ ํ•ด๋ น์˜ ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
04:07
has become the most favored candidate for the cradle of life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
The seawater expelled here is highly alkaline and lacks carbon dioxide,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋ฉฐ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
but is rich in methane and offers more hospitable temperatures.
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šค๋ชจ์ปค๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด
04:21
Adjacent black smokers may have contributed the carbon dioxide necessary
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๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
for life to evolve at Lost City,
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04:28
giving it all the components to support the first organisms
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:31
that radiated into the incredible diversity of life on Earth today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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