How does your body know you're full? - Hilary Coller

2,539,292 views ใƒป 2017-11-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:08
Hunger claws at your grumbling belly.
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ื”ืจืขื‘ ืœื•ืคืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื ื›ื ื”ืžื’ืจื’ืจืช.
00:10
It tugs at your intestines, which begin to writhe, aching to be fed.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
00:15
Being hungry generates a powerful, often unpleasant physical sensation
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ื”ืจืขื‘ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื”
00:20
that's almost impossible to ignore.
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”.
00:23
After you've reacted by gorging on your morning pancakes,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืกืช ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:26
you start to experience an opposing force, fullness,
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžื ื•ื’ื“, ืฉื•ื‘ืข,
00:30
but how does your body actually know when you're full?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื?
00:34
The sensation of fullness is set in motion as food moves from your mouth
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืข ืžื”ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื
00:38
down your esophagus.
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื•ืฉืช.
00:41
Once it hits your stomach, it gradually fills the space.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”.
00:44
That causes the surrounding muscular wall to stretch,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื™ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืœื”ืžืชื—,
00:48
expanding slowly like a balloon.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
00:50
A multitude of nerves wrapped intricately around the stomach wall
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืืช ืงื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”
00:54
sense the stretching.
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ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืช.
00:56
They communicate with the vagus nerve up to the brainstem and hypothalamus,
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืื’ื•ืก ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
01:00
the main parts of the brain that control food intake.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:04
But that's just one input your brain uses to sense fullness.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืงืœื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื ืขื–ืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ืข.
01:08
After all, if you fill your stomach with water,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ืชืžืœืื• ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืชื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
01:11
you won't feel full for long.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืœื ืชืืจื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
01:13
Your brain also takes into account chemical messengers
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ืงื— ื’ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
01:16
in the form of hormones produced by endocrine cells
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ืŸ
01:19
throughout your digestive system.
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ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:22
These respond to the presence of specific nutrients in your gut and bloodstream,
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ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:26
which gradually increase as you digest your food.
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ืฉืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:30
As the hormones seep out, they're swept up by the blood
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ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืชืื™ื, ื”ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื
01:33
and eventually reach the hypothalamus in the brain.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:38
Over 20 gastrointestinal hormones are involved in moderating our appetites.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:43
One example is cholecystokinin,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืŸ,
01:46
which is produced in response to food by cells in the upper small bowel.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ื”ืขืœื™.
01:51
When it reached the hypothalamus,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
01:52
it causes a reduction in the feeling of reward you get when you eat food.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:58
When that occurs, the sense of being satiated starts to sink in
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข
02:02
and you stop eating.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
02:05
Cholecystokinin also slows down the movement of food
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ื›ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
02:08
from the stomach into the intestines.
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ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืขื™ื™ื.
02:11
That makes your stomach stretch more over a period of time,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืžืชื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
02:15
allowing your body to register that you're filling up.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืคื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื ืžืœืื™ื.
02:19
This seems to be why when you eat slowly, you actually feel fuller
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ื–ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœืื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:23
compared to when you consume your food at lightning speed.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
02:26
When you eat quickly, your body doesn't have time to recognize the state it's in.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื.
02:31
Once nutrients and gastrointestinal hormones are present in the blood,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื,
02:35
they trigger the pancreas to release insulin.
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ื”ื ืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
02:39
Insulin stimulates the body's fat cells to make another hormone called leptin.
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ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืคื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:44
Leptin reacts with receptors on neuron populations in the hypothalamus.
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ืœืคื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก.
02:49
The hypothalamus has two sets of neurons important for our feeling of hunger.
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ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:55
One set produces the sensation of hunger by making and releasing certain proteins.
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ืกื˜ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:00
The other set inhibits hunger through its own set of compounds.
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ื”ืกื˜ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื›ื ืจืขื‘ ื“ืจืš ืกื˜ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
03:04
Leptin inhibits the hypothalamus neurons that drive food intake
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ืœืคื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื›ื ืืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:09
and stimulates the neurons that suppress it.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:12
By this point, your body has reached peak fullness.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข ืžืœื.
03:15
Through the constant exchange of information between hormones,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
03:18
the vagus nerve,
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ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืื’ื•ืก,
03:19
the brainstem,
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ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:21
and the different portions of hypothalamus,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
03:23
your brain gets the signal that you've eaten enough.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืช ืฉืื›ืœืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
03:27
Researchers have discovered
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•
03:28
that some foods produce more long-lasting fullness than others.
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ืฉืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
03:32
For instance, boiled potatoes are ranked
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื
03:35
as some of the most hunger-satisfying foods,
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ื›ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข,
03:37
while croissants are particularly unsatisfying.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื•ืืกื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:42
In general, foods with more protein, fiber, and water
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื
03:45
tend to keep hunger at bay for longer.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:49
But feeling full won't last forever.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืขื“.
03:52
After a few hours, your gut and brain begin their conversation again.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื—ื—.
03:57
Your empty stomach produces other hormones, such as ghrelin,
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืœื™ืŸ,
04:00
that increase the activity of the hunger-causing nerve cells
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ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืขื‘
04:03
in the hypothalamus.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก.
04:05
Eventually, the growling beast of hunger is reawakened.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื’ืจื’ืจืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:09
Luckily, there's a dependable antidote for that.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืืžื™ื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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