How does laser eye surgery work? - Dan Reinstein

6,575,127 views ใƒป 2019-11-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
In 1948, Spanish ophthalmologist Jose Ignacio Barraquer Moner
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ื‘ 1948, ืœืื•ืคื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื’ื ืกื™ื• ื‘ืจืงืจ ืžื•ื ืจ
00:12
was fed up with glasses.
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ื ืžืืก ืžืžืฉืงืคื™ื•.
00:14
He wanted a solution for blurry vision that fixed the eye itself,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืจืื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช ืฉื™ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื”,
00:18
without relying on external aids.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขื–ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:21
But the surgery he eventually devised was not for the faint of heart.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืœืฉื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ.
00:26
Barraquer began by slicing off the front of a patientโ€™s cornea
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ื‘ืจืงืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ืืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
00:30
and dunking it in liquid nitrogen.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
00:34
Using a miniature lathe, he ground the frozen cornea
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืจื˜ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื”
00:38
into the precise shape necessary to focus the patientโ€™s vision.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
00:42
Then he thawed the disc, and sewed it back on.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืชืคืจ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื”.
00:46
Barraquer called this procedure keratomileusis,
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ื‘ืจืงืจ ืงืจื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื˜ื•ืžื™ืœืื•ืกื™ืก,
00:50
from the Greek words for โ€œcarvingโ€ and โ€œcornea.โ€
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ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ื—ื™ืชื•ืš" ื•"ืงืจื ื™ืช."
00:53
And though it might sound grisly, his technique produced reliable results.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื—ืจื™ื“, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ื™ืฆืจื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
00:59
So how did Barraquerโ€™s surgery work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงืจ ืขื‘ื“?
01:03
Keratomileusis corrects what are called refractive errors:
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ืงืจื˜ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืื•ืกื™ืก ืžืชืงืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”:
01:07
imperfections in the way the eye focuses incoming light.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืžืงื“ืช ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก.
01:12
Ideally, the cornea and lens work together to focus light
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ
01:16
on the surface of the retina,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช,
01:18
but several kinds of refractive errors can impair this delicate system.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”.
01:23
In people with myopia, or short-sightedness,
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืื• ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ืื™,
01:26
a steep cornea focuses light just short of the retina.
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ืงืจื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžืจืช ืžืžืงื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
01:31
Those with hyperopia, or far-sightedness, have the opposite problem:
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ืœืืœื” ืขื ื”ื™ืคืจืื•ืคื™ื”, ืื• ืจื•ื—ืง ืจื•ืื™, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”:
01:36
light is focused too far beyond the retina.
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ืื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉืชื™ืช.
01:39
And in people with astigmatism, the cornea has two different curvatures
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ื•ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืกื˜ื’ืžื˜ื™ื–ื, ืœืงืจื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:44
which focus light at two distances and produce blurry vision.
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ืฉืžืžืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช.
01:49
Even those with perfect vision will eventually suffer from presbyopia,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื” ืขื ืจืื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืคืจืกื‘ื™ืื•ืคื™ื”,
01:53
or โ€œaging eyes.โ€
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ืื• "ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช."
01:55
As the proteins in the lens age, they slowly increase its size.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ืฉื” ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื”ื ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
02:00
By an adultโ€™s mid-40โ€™s, the lens is too large
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื’ื™ืœ 40 ื‘ืขืจืš, ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™
02:04
to easily change shape and shift focus.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
02:08
Glasses and contact lenses bend light to compensate for these refractive errors.
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ืข ืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืืœื•.
02:14
But, as Barraquerโ€™s procedure shows,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงืจ ืžืจืื”,
02:17
we can also alter the shape of the cornea itself;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”;
02:21
moving the focal point backwards, forwards,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”, ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:24
or pulling a divided image together.
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ืื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช.
02:27
And thankfully, modern eye surgeons can sculpt the cornea
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ื•ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืžื ืชื—ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช
02:31
with far less invasive tools.
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ืขื ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
02:35
In corrective laser eye surgery, surgeons rely on excimer lasers.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืœื™ื–ืจ, ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืืงืกื™ืžื˜ืจ.
02:40
These tools are accurate enough to etch words into a human hair.
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:46
To safely accomplish these ultra-fine incisions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื“ืงื™ื,
02:49
they use a technique called photoablation.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืื‘ืœืฆื™ื”. (ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืจ)
02:53
This allows the laser to essentially evaporate organic tissue
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœืื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืงืžื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช
02:57
without overheating surrounding eye tissue.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืžื ืžื“ื™ ืืช ืจืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ืคื”.
03:00
So how does laser eye surgery actually work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขืฉื”?
03:04
The first step is to separate a thin layer from the front of the cornea.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืงื” ืžืงื“ืžืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช.
03:08
This can be done with either a flat, wide blade, or a femto-second laser
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืื• ืขื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื•ืจื—ื‘, ืื• ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืžื˜ื•-ืฉื ื™ื”
03:14
that produces millions of tiny plasma bubbles
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืœื–ืžื”
03:17
to create a plane beneath the corneal surface.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช.
03:21
Surgeons then lift the flap to expose the inside of the cornea.
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ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืื– ืคื™ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช.
03:25
Guided by the refractive error and the shape of the cornea,
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ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช,
03:29
the excimer laser robotically sculpts the exposed corneal bed
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ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ืืงืกื™ืžืจ ืžื’ืœืฃ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื”
03:33
into the correct shape.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
03:34
This process usually takes less than 30 seconds for each eye.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื•ืงื— ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ.
03:40
Finally, the flap is closed,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืคื™ืกื” ื ืกื’ืจืช,
03:42
and its edges reseal themselves in just a few hours.
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ื•ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
03:46
Because the lasering is done on the eyeball itself,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•,
03:49
itโ€™s described as โ€œin situ,โ€ or โ€œon site.โ€
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›"ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื," ืื• "ื‘ืืชืจ."
03:53
Its complete name is โ€œlaser in-situ keratomileusisโ€ โ€“
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ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื "ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืงืจื˜ื•ืžื™ืœืื•ืกื™ืก ืžืงื•ืžื™" -
03:57
but you probably know it as LASIK.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง.
04:00
Essentially, this technique carves a patientโ€™s contact lens prescription
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ืœืคืช ืืช ืžืจืฉื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
04:05
onto their cornea.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช.
04:07
Like any surgical procedure,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™,
04:08
LASIK comes with certain risks.
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ืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:10
Some patients experience slightly blurred vision that canโ€™t be corrected by glasses.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื.
04:15
But the technique is currently about as likely to damage your eyes
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:19
as wearing daily disposable contact lenses for one year.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”.
04:23
Today, a technique called SMILE enables surgeons to sculpt the cornea
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืกืžื™ื™ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช
04:28
through even smaller incisions โ€“
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ืขื ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ --
04:30
further reducing recovery time.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
04:32
And lasers arenโ€™t just correcting the three types of refractive errors โ€“
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ื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” -
04:36
this technology can also restore aging eyes.
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
04:40
In a technique called Laser Blended Vision,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ,
04:43
surgeons adjust one eye to be slightly better at distance vision
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ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื” ืœืจื—ื•ืง
04:47
and the other to be better at close range vision.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื™ื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
04:50
The difference between the two eyes is small enough
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:53
that most patients can merge their vision,
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
04:56
allowing both eyes to work together at all distances.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืง.
05:00
Advances in laser technology continue to make vision correction surgery
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื”
05:04
more effective and accessible.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
05:07
One day soon, Barraquerโ€™s vision of a world without glasses
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื
05:10
may finally come true.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืืžื™ืชื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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