Who owns the "wilderness"? - Elyse Cox

347,859 views ใƒป 2020-10-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
In 1903, the President of the United States
0
8031
2720
ื‘-1903, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:10
took a three-day camping trip in Californiaโ€™s Yosemite Valley.
1
10751
4317
ื™ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขืžืง ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
00:15
President Theodore Roosevelt slept in a grove of towering Sequoia trees,
2
15068
4724
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืกืงื•ื™ื” ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื,
00:19
camped in a snowstorm, and spent hours talking around the campfire
3
19792
3530
ืขืฉื” ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’, ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจื”
00:23
with his host and guide, conservationist John Muir.
4
23322
3958
ืขื ื”ืžืืจื— ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื•, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื™ืจ, ืฉื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:27
Roosevelt famously loved the outdoors,
5
27280
2650
ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
00:29
but Muir had invited him there for more than just camping:
6
29930
3410
ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืžืคื™ื ื’:
00:33
Yosemite was in danger.
7
33340
2340
ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
00:35
Though Yosemite became protected land in 1864,
8
35680
3840
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘-1864,
00:39
the valley was still at risk for overdevelopment in 1903.
9
39520
3740
ื”ืขืžืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืชืจ ื‘-1903.
00:43
It was at the heart of a decades-old struggle to set aside land
10
43260
3080
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืงืจืงืข
00:46
for both preservation and public useโ€”
11
46340
2910
ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ --
00:49
two goals that were much easier said than done.
12
49250
3520
ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข.
00:52
The battle over Yosemite began with the 1849 gold rush,
13
52770
4608
ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ึผึถื”ึธืœึธื” ืœึทื–ึผึธื”ึธื‘ ืฉืœ 1849,
00:57
when miners surged west, seeking gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
14
57378
4987
ื›ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื• ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”.
01:02
In 1851, a state-sanctioned militia,
15
62365
3050
ื‘-1851, ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
01:05
drove the Ahwahneechee tribe from Yosemite Valley.
16
65415
3833
ื’ื™ืจืฉื” ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื•ื ืฆ'ื™ ืžืขืžืง ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™.
01:09
Those who managed to return witnessed white settlers claiming the land,
17
69248
3920
ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื,
01:13
felling giant sequoias, and building hotels and saloons.
18
73168
4540
ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืขืฆื™ ืกืงื•ื™ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ืื•ืช.
01:17
In response, a small group of concerned Californians
19
77708
3183
ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
01:20
lobbied senator John Conness to protect the valley from private interests.
20
80891
4790
ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:25
In 1864, Congress passed Connessโ€™ bill,
21
85681
3710
ื‘-1864, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืก,
01:29
granting the Yosemite Valley to the State of California,
22
89391
3617
ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืžืง ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
01:33
marking the first time the U.S. government brought land under public protection.
23
93008
4705
ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืงืจืงืข.
01:37
But the management of that land remained an open question,
24
97713
3100
ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
01:40
one that would only become more complicated
25
100813
2107
ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:42
as more lands came under similar protection.
26
102920
3970
ื›ืฉืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:46
Seven years later, geologist Ferdinand Hayden
27
106890
2800
ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ
01:49
led an expedition to the Yellowstone Plateau,
28
109690
2830
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœืจืžืช ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:52
which many Native American tribes used for ceremonies, hunting, and trade.
29
112520
4340
ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื-ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ื“, ื•ืžืกื—ืจ.
01:56
The expeditionโ€™s scientists and artists brought back news
30
116860
3029
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื—ื–ืจื• ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:59
of spectacular geysers and hot springs,
31
119889
2901
ืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื,
02:02
inspiring widespread support to bring Yellowstone under government protectionโ€”
32
122790
4080
ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช --
02:06
and restrict native peopleโ€™s access to the land.
33
126870
3010
ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข.
02:09
However, unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone couldnโ€™t be granted to a stateโ€”
34
129880
4475
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” --
02:14
it was part of three U.S. territories that hadnโ€™t become states yet.
35
134355
4047
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
02:18
Instead, Congress brought Yellowstone under federal stewardship in 1872,
36
138402
5063
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื‘-1872,
02:23
creating the worldโ€™s first true National Park.
37
143465
3690
ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:27
During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt was instrumental
38
147155
3010
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื•, ื˜ื“ื™ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
02:30
in expanding the lands under public protection.
39
150165
2970
ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช.
02:33
By 1916, there were fifteen national parks.
40
153135
4100
ืขื“ 1916, ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:37
But the problem of management remained unsolved,
41
157235
2757
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื”,
02:39
and maintenance of the park was handled haphazardly
42
159992
3053
ื•ืื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
02:43
over multiple government departments.
43
163045
2680
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช.
02:45
Straightforward tasks like building roads and hiring personnel
44
165725
3810
ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ืจืช ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื
02:49
required inefficient bureaucratic maneuvering.
45
169535
3380
ื“ืจืฉื• ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
02:52
None of the departments had set rules for conduct in the park,
46
172915
3130
ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœื ืงื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคืืจืง,
02:56
so hunters killed park wildlife, cattle overgrazed fields,
47
176045
4042
ืื– ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ, ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจ ื—ื™ืกืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช,
03:00
and visitors vandalized landmarks.
48
180087
2858
ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
03:02
The solution came from Canada,
49
182945
2430
ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืงื ื“ื”,
03:05
which had a highly effective centralized park service.
50
185375
3260
ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืืจืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
03:08
In 1916, the United States established the National Park Service
51
188635
3990
ื‘-1916, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:12
based on this model.
52
192625
1880
ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:14
To this day, the mission for the park service is comprised of two goals
53
194505
3710
ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช
03:18
that sometimes conflict:
54
198215
2220
ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•:
03:20
to conserve the parks for the future
55
200435
2140
ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“
03:22
and to allow the public to enjoy them.
56
202575
3244
ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื.
03:25
Thatโ€™s a delicate balancing act: roads, trails, and other infrastructure
57
205819
3553
ื–ื• ืคืขื•ืœืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื ื”: ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:29
make the parks accessible to visitors, but also alter the landscape,
58
209372
3650
ืžื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:33
while visitors themselves can contribute to pollution, erosion,
59
213022
3129
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืฉื—ื™ืงื”,
03:36
and damage of delicate ecosystems.
60
216151
2973
ื•ื ื–ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:39
The very history of preservation can also be at odds with this mission.
61
219124
4582
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
03:43
Many parks were not, at the time of their founding,
62
223706
2590
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื, ืคืืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
03:46
the uninhabited wilderness thatโ€™s become the standard for their preservation.
63
226296
4450
ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฃ ืคืจืื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกึฐื˜ึทื ึฐื“ึผึทืจึฐื˜ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจื.
03:50
Instead, many were homes or places of worship for native peoples,
64
230746
3890
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืื• ืืชืจื™ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืขืžื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื,
03:54
who lost access to these lands in the name of public use.
65
234636
3722
ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
03:58
Only recently has the National Park Service
66
238358
2180
ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
04:00
begun to reckon with this legacy and engage Native Americans
67
240538
3480
ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืขืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื-ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
04:04
in park management.
68
244018
1930
ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื.
04:05
Around the world, indigenous communities play crucial roles
69
245948
3359
ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
04:09
in land management and preservation.
70
249307
3470
ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช.
04:12
Today, there are thousands of national parks worldwide,
71
252777
3210
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:15
and each must balance public use with historical and ecological preservation.
72
255987
5323
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:21
Parks in New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, and South Africa
73
261310
3430
ืคืืจืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืื™ืกืœื ื“, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:24
have experienced severe erosion as visitor numbers have skyrocketed.
74
264740
4570
ื—ื•ื• ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืงืฉื” ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช.
04:29
Some, like Mu Ko Similan National Park in Thailand,
75
269310
3620
ื›ืžื” ืคืืจืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื• ืงื• ืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“,
04:32
have closed sections to tourists entirely to allow the ecosystem to recover.
76
272930
5041
ืกื’ืจื• ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
04:37
National Parks have preserved irreplaceable landscapes
77
277971
2900
ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
04:40
for future generations.
78
280871
2256
04:43
They also force us to reckon with hard questions:
79
283127
3090
ื”ื ื’ื ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช:
04:46
what are our responsibilities to this planet, and to each other?
80
286217
4598
ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืœื–ื•?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7