Who owns the "wilderness"? - Elyse Cox

346,164 views ・ 2020-10-06

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Rastbêjê Çalî Reviewer: Daban Q. Jaff
00:08
In 1903, the President of the United States
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li 1903-an, serokê welatên êk girtî
00:10
took a three-day camping trip in California’s Yosemite Valley.
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gereka sê rojî kir li geliyê yosemite ya california.
00:15
President Theodore Roosevelt slept in a grove of towering Sequoia trees,
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serok Theodore Roosevelt raza di nav daristaneke darên sequoia yên berjêr de,
00:19
camped in a snowstorm, and spent hours talking around the campfire
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di bagereke berfê de kon kirin, û bi demjimêran li dora agirê kempê axiftin
00:23
with his host and guide, conservationist John Muir.
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digel mêhvandar û rêberê xwe, parêzvan john muir.
00:27
Roosevelt famously loved the outdoors,
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roosvelt bi navûdengî ji derve hez dikir,
00:29
but Muir had invited him there for more than just camping:
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lê muir ew vexwendibû vir ji bo zêdetir ji kon kirinê:
00:33
Yosemite was in danger.
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yosemite di metirsiyê de bû.
00:35
Though Yosemite became protected land in 1864,
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herçende ku yosemite bu axa parastî li 1984 de,
00:39
the valley was still at risk for overdevelopment in 1903.
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gelî hê jî di metiraiyê de bû ji bo pêşkeftina di 1903-an de.
00:43
It was at the heart of a decades-old struggle to set aside land
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ew di dilê têkoşînek dehsalî de bû ku axê veqetîne
00:46
for both preservation and public use—
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hem ji bo parastin û karanîna gelemeperî
00:49
two goals that were much easier said than done.
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du armancên ku ji kirinê pir hêsantir dihat gotin.
00:52
The battle over Yosemite began with the 1849 gold rush,
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şer li ser yosemite dest pê kir bi gera zêrîn a 1849-an,
00:57
when miners surged west, seeking gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
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dema ku karkerên madenê rojavayî mezin dibin, li zozanên sierra nevada li zêr digerin.
01:02
In 1851, a state-sanctioned militia,
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di 1851-an de, leşkerê nerêzikî ê dewletê pejirandî,
01:05
drove the Ahwahneechee tribe from Yosemite Valley.
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hoz a ahwahneechee derxistin ji geliyê yosemite.
01:09
Those who managed to return witnessed white settlers claiming the land,
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yên ku bi vî karî vegeriyan bûn dîdevanên rûniştvanên spî yên ku daxwaza axê dikin,
01:13
felling giant sequoias, and building hotels and saloons.
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sekuoyên mezin hilwişandin, û otêl û salon ava kirin.
01:17
In response, a small group of concerned Californians
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di bersivê de, komek biçûk a têkiliyên california yê
01:20
lobbied senator John Conness to protect the valley from private interests.
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bizavên razîkirinê li senator johnconness kir ku gelî ji berjewendiyên taybetî biparêze.
01:25
In 1864, Congress passed Conness’ bill,
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di 1864-an de, kongireyê pêşnûme yasa erê kir,
01:29
granting the Yosemite Valley to the State of California,
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dayîna geliyê yosemite ji bo welatê california,
01:33
marking the first time the U.S. government brought land under public protection.
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êkem car hikûmeta welatên yekbûyî zevî xist bin parastina giştî.
01:37
But the management of that land remained an open question,
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lê rêveriya wî welatî pirsek vekirî ma,
01:40
one that would only become more complicated
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ya ku wê tenê tevlîhevtir bibe
01:42
as more lands came under similar protection.
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ji ber ku zeviyên din ketin bin heman parastinê.
01:46
Seven years later, geologist Ferdinand Hayden
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piştî heft salan, zevînas ferdinand hayden
01:49
led an expedition to the Yellowstone Plateau,
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lêgerînek ber bi deşta yellowstone ve meşand,
01:52
which many Native American tribes used for ceremonies, hunting, and trade.
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ku gelek hozên xwecihên emrîkî ji bo merasîman bikar di anîn, nêçîr û bazirganî.
01:56
The expedition’s scientists and artists brought back news
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zanyar û hunermendên lêgerînê nûçe anîn
01:59
of spectacular geysers and hot springs,
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ji germavên berbiçav û çavkaniyên germ,
02:02
inspiring widespread support to bring Yellowstone under government protection—
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piştgiriyek berfireh xwedza dike ku yellowstone têxe bin parastina hikûmetê
02:06
and restrict native people’s access to the land.
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û sinûrdar kirina çûnûhatina mirovên xwecihî ji bo zeviyê.
02:09
However, unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone couldn’t be granted to a state—
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lê belê, berevajî yosemite ê, yellowstone nedihat dayîn welatekî
02:14
it was part of three U.S. territories that hadn’t become states yet.
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ew beşek ji sê herêmên DY bû ku hêj nebûne welat.
02:18
Instead, Congress brought Yellowstone under federal stewardship in 1872,
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di şûna wê de, kongireya yellowstone ê di 1872-an de xist bin rêveberiya fedral,
02:23
creating the world’s first true National Park.
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çêkirina êkemîn parka neteweyî ya rastîn a cîhanê.
02:27
During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt was instrumental
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di demê serokatiya xwe de, teddy roosevelt girîng bû
02:30
in expanding the lands under public protection.
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di berfirehkirina zeviyên di bin parastina giştî de.
02:33
By 1916, there were fifteen national parks.
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heya sala 1916 ê, pazdeh parkên netewî hebûn.
02:37
But the problem of management remained unsolved,
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lê pirsgirêka rêvebirinê çareser nekirî ma,
02:39
and maintenance of the park was handled haphazardly
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û parastina parkê bi gotre hate meşandin
02:43
over multiple government departments.
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li ser gelek dezgehên hikûmetê.
02:45
Straightforward tasks like building roads and hiring personnel
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karên rasterast mîna çêkirina rêyan û girtina karmendan
02:49
required inefficient bureaucratic maneuvering.
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pêdvî bi înan û birina bîrokratîkî ya bêbandor dike.
02:52
None of the departments had set rules for conduct in the park,
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tu dezgehan rêzikên reftar kirinê li parkê ne danîbûn,
02:56
so hunters killed park wildlife, cattle overgrazed fields,
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wisa nêçîrvanan parka jiyana kovî kuştin, dewaran zevî zêde çerandîn,
03:00
and visitors vandalized landmarks.
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û seredêran navnîşan xera kirin.
03:02
The solution came from Canada,
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çareserî ji canada hat,
03:05
which had a highly effective centralized park service.
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ku karûbarekê parka nîvekîkirî ya pir bandor hebû.
03:08
In 1916, the United States established the National Park Service
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di sala 1916-an de, welatên yekbûyî karûbarê parka neteweyî saz kir
03:12
based on this model.
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li ser vê mînakê bingeh digre.
03:14
To this day, the mission for the park service is comprised of two goals
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heya vê rojê, peywira karûbarên parkê ji dû armancan pêk tê
03:18
that sometimes conflict:
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ku carinan dijber in:
03:20
to conserve the parks for the future
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ji bo pêşerojê parkan biparêzin
03:22
and to allow the public to enjoy them.
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û bihêlin ku gel ji wan kêfxweş bibe.
03:25
That’s a delicate balancing act: roads, trails, and other infrastructure
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ew çalakiyek e hevsengiya nazik e: rê, şop, û binesaziya din
03:29
make the parks accessible to visitors, but also alter the landscape,
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parkan ji mêhvanan re gihiştbar bikin, lê herwiha dîmenê jî biguherîne,
03:33
while visitors themselves can contribute to pollution, erosion,
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dema ku seredêr bixwe dikarin beşdarî qirêjbûnê bibin, şûştin,
03:36
and damage of delicate ecosystems.
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û zirara pergala xwezayên nazik.
03:39
The very history of preservation can also be at odds with this mission.
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jixwe dîroka parastinê jî dikare li dij be bi vê erkî re.
03:43
Many parks were not, at the time of their founding,
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pir park ne bûn, di demê damezrandinê de,
03:46
the uninhabited wilderness that’s become the standard for their preservation.
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çola ne akincîkirî ku buye hevgirtî ji bo parastina wan.
03:50
Instead, many were homes or places of worship for native peoples,
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di şûna wan de, pir xanî an cihên peristinê bûn ji bo mirovên xwe malî,
03:54
who lost access to these lands in the name of public use.
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ku gihîştina van axan winda kir li ser navê karanîna gelemeperî .
03:58
Only recently has the National Park Service
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tenê vê dawiyê xizmeta parka netewî heye
04:00
begun to reckon with this legacy and engage Native Americans
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dest bi hijmartina vê mîratê kir û bi amerîkiyên xwemalî re mijûl bû
04:04
in park management.
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di rêveberiya parkê de.
04:05
Around the world, indigenous communities play crucial roles
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li seranserî cîhanê, civakên xwecihî niyarên girîng dilîzin
04:09
in land management and preservation.
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di kargêrî û parastina axê de.
04:12
Today, there are thousands of national parks worldwide,
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îro, li cîhanê bi hizaran parkên netewî hene,
04:15
and each must balance public use with historical and ecological preservation.
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û her kes divê karanîna gelemeperî hevseng bike digel parastina dîrokî û jîngehî .
04:21
Parks in New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, and South Africa
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parkên li new zealand ê, iceland ê, australia û afrîkaya başûr
04:24
have experienced severe erosion as visitor numbers have skyrocketed.
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hilweşînek dijwar ezmûn kirine ji ber ku jimareyên serdêran zêde bûne.
hin, wekî parka neteweyî ya mu ko similan li tayland ê,
04:29
Some, like Mu Ko Similan National Park in Thailand,
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04:32
have closed sections to tourists entirely to allow the ecosystem to recover.
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beşên xwe ji geştiyaran re bi tevahî girtî ne da ku pergala xwezayî vegere.
04:37
National Parks have preserved irreplaceable landscapes
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parkên neteweyî dîmenên neguhêrbar parastin
04:40
for future generations.
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ji bo nifşê pêşerojê.
04:43
They also force us to reckon with hard questions:
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ew jî zorê didin me ku pirsîn dijwar hijmar bikin:
04:46
what are our responsibilities to this planet, and to each other?
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berpirsiyariyên me li hevber vê gerstêrkê çi ne? û li hevberî hev çi ne?
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