Who owns the "wilderness"? - Elyse Cox

348,059 views ・ 2020-10-06

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Rastbêjê Çalî Reviewer: Daban Q. Jaff
00:08
In 1903, the President of the United States
0
8031
2720
li 1903-an, serokê welatên êk girtî
00:10
took a three-day camping trip in California’s Yosemite Valley.
1
10751
4317
gereka sê rojî kir li geliyê yosemite ya california.
00:15
President Theodore Roosevelt slept in a grove of towering Sequoia trees,
2
15068
4724
serok Theodore Roosevelt raza di nav daristaneke darên sequoia yên berjêr de,
00:19
camped in a snowstorm, and spent hours talking around the campfire
3
19792
3530
di bagereke berfê de kon kirin, û bi demjimêran li dora agirê kempê axiftin
00:23
with his host and guide, conservationist John Muir.
4
23322
3958
digel mêhvandar û rêberê xwe, parêzvan john muir.
00:27
Roosevelt famously loved the outdoors,
5
27280
2650
roosvelt bi navûdengî ji derve hez dikir,
00:29
but Muir had invited him there for more than just camping:
6
29930
3410
lê muir ew vexwendibû vir ji bo zêdetir ji kon kirinê:
00:33
Yosemite was in danger.
7
33340
2340
yosemite di metirsiyê de bû.
00:35
Though Yosemite became protected land in 1864,
8
35680
3840
herçende ku yosemite bu axa parastî li 1984 de,
00:39
the valley was still at risk for overdevelopment in 1903.
9
39520
3740
gelî hê jî di metiraiyê de bû ji bo pêşkeftina di 1903-an de.
00:43
It was at the heart of a decades-old struggle to set aside land
10
43260
3080
ew di dilê têkoşînek dehsalî de bû ku axê veqetîne
00:46
for both preservation and public use—
11
46340
2910
hem ji bo parastin û karanîna gelemeperî
00:49
two goals that were much easier said than done.
12
49250
3520
du armancên ku ji kirinê pir hêsantir dihat gotin.
00:52
The battle over Yosemite began with the 1849 gold rush,
13
52770
4608
şer li ser yosemite dest pê kir bi gera zêrîn a 1849-an,
00:57
when miners surged west, seeking gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
14
57378
4987
dema ku karkerên madenê rojavayî mezin dibin, li zozanên sierra nevada li zêr digerin.
01:02
In 1851, a state-sanctioned militia,
15
62365
3050
di 1851-an de, leşkerê nerêzikî ê dewletê pejirandî,
01:05
drove the Ahwahneechee tribe from Yosemite Valley.
16
65415
3833
hoz a ahwahneechee derxistin ji geliyê yosemite.
01:09
Those who managed to return witnessed white settlers claiming the land,
17
69248
3920
yên ku bi vî karî vegeriyan bûn dîdevanên rûniştvanên spî yên ku daxwaza axê dikin,
01:13
felling giant sequoias, and building hotels and saloons.
18
73168
4540
sekuoyên mezin hilwişandin, û otêl û salon ava kirin.
01:17
In response, a small group of concerned Californians
19
77708
3183
di bersivê de, komek biçûk a têkiliyên california yê
01:20
lobbied senator John Conness to protect the valley from private interests.
20
80891
4790
bizavên razîkirinê li senator johnconness kir ku gelî ji berjewendiyên taybetî biparêze.
01:25
In 1864, Congress passed Conness’ bill,
21
85681
3710
di 1864-an de, kongireyê pêşnûme yasa erê kir,
01:29
granting the Yosemite Valley to the State of California,
22
89391
3617
dayîna geliyê yosemite ji bo welatê california,
01:33
marking the first time the U.S. government brought land under public protection.
23
93008
4705
êkem car hikûmeta welatên yekbûyî zevî xist bin parastina giştî.
01:37
But the management of that land remained an open question,
24
97713
3100
lê rêveriya wî welatî pirsek vekirî ma,
01:40
one that would only become more complicated
25
100813
2107
ya ku wê tenê tevlîhevtir bibe
01:42
as more lands came under similar protection.
26
102920
3970
ji ber ku zeviyên din ketin bin heman parastinê.
01:46
Seven years later, geologist Ferdinand Hayden
27
106890
2800
piştî heft salan, zevînas ferdinand hayden
01:49
led an expedition to the Yellowstone Plateau,
28
109690
2830
lêgerînek ber bi deşta yellowstone ve meşand,
01:52
which many Native American tribes used for ceremonies, hunting, and trade.
29
112520
4340
ku gelek hozên xwecihên emrîkî ji bo merasîman bikar di anîn, nêçîr û bazirganî.
01:56
The expedition’s scientists and artists brought back news
30
116860
3029
zanyar û hunermendên lêgerînê nûçe anîn
01:59
of spectacular geysers and hot springs,
31
119889
2901
ji germavên berbiçav û çavkaniyên germ,
02:02
inspiring widespread support to bring Yellowstone under government protection—
32
122790
4080
piştgiriyek berfireh xwedza dike ku yellowstone têxe bin parastina hikûmetê
02:06
and restrict native people’s access to the land.
33
126870
3010
û sinûrdar kirina çûnûhatina mirovên xwecihî ji bo zeviyê.
02:09
However, unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone couldn’t be granted to a state—
34
129880
4475
lê belê, berevajî yosemite ê, yellowstone nedihat dayîn welatekî
02:14
it was part of three U.S. territories that hadn’t become states yet.
35
134355
4047
ew beşek ji sê herêmên DY bû ku hêj nebûne welat.
02:18
Instead, Congress brought Yellowstone under federal stewardship in 1872,
36
138402
5063
di şûna wê de, kongireya yellowstone ê di 1872-an de xist bin rêveberiya fedral,
02:23
creating the world’s first true National Park.
37
143465
3690
çêkirina êkemîn parka neteweyî ya rastîn a cîhanê.
02:27
During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt was instrumental
38
147155
3010
di demê serokatiya xwe de, teddy roosevelt girîng bû
02:30
in expanding the lands under public protection.
39
150165
2970
di berfirehkirina zeviyên di bin parastina giştî de.
02:33
By 1916, there were fifteen national parks.
40
153135
4100
heya sala 1916 ê, pazdeh parkên netewî hebûn.
02:37
But the problem of management remained unsolved,
41
157235
2757
lê pirsgirêka rêvebirinê çareser nekirî ma,
02:39
and maintenance of the park was handled haphazardly
42
159992
3053
û parastina parkê bi gotre hate meşandin
02:43
over multiple government departments.
43
163045
2680
li ser gelek dezgehên hikûmetê.
02:45
Straightforward tasks like building roads and hiring personnel
44
165725
3810
karên rasterast mîna çêkirina rêyan û girtina karmendan
02:49
required inefficient bureaucratic maneuvering.
45
169535
3380
pêdvî bi înan û birina bîrokratîkî ya bêbandor dike.
02:52
None of the departments had set rules for conduct in the park,
46
172915
3130
tu dezgehan rêzikên reftar kirinê li parkê ne danîbûn,
02:56
so hunters killed park wildlife, cattle overgrazed fields,
47
176045
4042
wisa nêçîrvanan parka jiyana kovî kuştin, dewaran zevî zêde çerandîn,
03:00
and visitors vandalized landmarks.
48
180087
2858
û seredêran navnîşan xera kirin.
03:02
The solution came from Canada,
49
182945
2430
çareserî ji canada hat,
03:05
which had a highly effective centralized park service.
50
185375
3260
ku karûbarekê parka nîvekîkirî ya pir bandor hebû.
03:08
In 1916, the United States established the National Park Service
51
188635
3990
di sala 1916-an de, welatên yekbûyî karûbarê parka neteweyî saz kir
03:12
based on this model.
52
192625
1880
li ser vê mînakê bingeh digre.
03:14
To this day, the mission for the park service is comprised of two goals
53
194505
3710
heya vê rojê, peywira karûbarên parkê ji dû armancan pêk tê
03:18
that sometimes conflict:
54
198215
2220
ku carinan dijber in:
03:20
to conserve the parks for the future
55
200435
2140
ji bo pêşerojê parkan biparêzin
03:22
and to allow the public to enjoy them.
56
202575
3244
û bihêlin ku gel ji wan kêfxweş bibe.
03:25
That’s a delicate balancing act: roads, trails, and other infrastructure
57
205819
3553
ew çalakiyek e hevsengiya nazik e: rê, şop, û binesaziya din
03:29
make the parks accessible to visitors, but also alter the landscape,
58
209372
3650
parkan ji mêhvanan re gihiştbar bikin, lê herwiha dîmenê jî biguherîne,
03:33
while visitors themselves can contribute to pollution, erosion,
59
213022
3129
dema ku seredêr bixwe dikarin beşdarî qirêjbûnê bibin, şûştin,
03:36
and damage of delicate ecosystems.
60
216151
2973
û zirara pergala xwezayên nazik.
03:39
The very history of preservation can also be at odds with this mission.
61
219124
4582
jixwe dîroka parastinê jî dikare li dij be bi vê erkî re.
03:43
Many parks were not, at the time of their founding,
62
223706
2590
pir park ne bûn, di demê damezrandinê de,
03:46
the uninhabited wilderness that’s become the standard for their preservation.
63
226296
4450
çola ne akincîkirî ku buye hevgirtî ji bo parastina wan.
03:50
Instead, many were homes or places of worship for native peoples,
64
230746
3890
di şûna wan de, pir xanî an cihên peristinê bûn ji bo mirovên xwe malî,
03:54
who lost access to these lands in the name of public use.
65
234636
3722
ku gihîştina van axan winda kir li ser navê karanîna gelemeperî .
03:58
Only recently has the National Park Service
66
238358
2180
tenê vê dawiyê xizmeta parka netewî heye
04:00
begun to reckon with this legacy and engage Native Americans
67
240538
3480
dest bi hijmartina vê mîratê kir û bi amerîkiyên xwemalî re mijûl bû
04:04
in park management.
68
244018
1930
di rêveberiya parkê de.
04:05
Around the world, indigenous communities play crucial roles
69
245948
3359
li seranserî cîhanê, civakên xwecihî niyarên girîng dilîzin
04:09
in land management and preservation.
70
249307
3470
di kargêrî û parastina axê de.
04:12
Today, there are thousands of national parks worldwide,
71
252777
3210
îro, li cîhanê bi hizaran parkên netewî hene,
04:15
and each must balance public use with historical and ecological preservation.
72
255987
5323
û her kes divê karanîna gelemeperî hevseng bike digel parastina dîrokî û jîngehî .
04:21
Parks in New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, and South Africa
73
261310
3430
parkên li new zealand ê, iceland ê, australia û afrîkaya başûr
04:24
have experienced severe erosion as visitor numbers have skyrocketed.
74
264740
4570
hilweşînek dijwar ezmûn kirine ji ber ku jimareyên serdêran zêde bûne.
hin, wekî parka neteweyî ya mu ko similan li tayland ê,
04:29
Some, like Mu Ko Similan National Park in Thailand,
75
269310
3620
04:32
have closed sections to tourists entirely to allow the ecosystem to recover.
76
272930
5041
beşên xwe ji geştiyaran re bi tevahî girtî ne da ku pergala xwezayî vegere.
04:37
National Parks have preserved irreplaceable landscapes
77
277971
2900
parkên neteweyî dîmenên neguhêrbar parastin
04:40
for future generations.
78
280871
2256
ji bo nifşê pêşerojê.
04:43
They also force us to reckon with hard questions:
79
283127
3090
ew jî zorê didin me ku pirsîn dijwar hijmar bikin:
04:46
what are our responsibilities to this planet, and to each other?
80
286217
4598
berpirsiyariyên me li hevber vê gerstêrkê çi ne? û li hevberî hev çi ne?
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7