The man who lost his sense of touch - Antonio Cataldo

537,324 views ใƒป 2023-03-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:09
In 1971, Ian Waterman suddenly collapsed from a severe case
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971, ืื™ืืŸ ื•ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืคืชืื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืžืงืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจ
00:15
of what seemed to be gastric flu.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืงืช ืงื™ื‘ื”.
00:21
His illness passed after a few days,
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ืžื—ืœืชื• ื—ืœืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื,
00:28
but a stranger set of symptoms lingered.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื”.
00:32
Although his muscles and joints remained healthy,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
00:37
Waterman was unable to move.
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ื•ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื–ื•ื–.
00:40
In fact, he was unable to feel anything from the neck down.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ืžื˜ื”.
00:47
Eventually, he was diagnosed with a rare and extreme form of deafferentation,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืฆืœื• ืžื—ืœื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื”-ืืคืจื ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
00:53
a neurological condition in which certain signals
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ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
00:56
from the nervous system are interrupted or impaired.
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ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจืขื™ื ืื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.
01:00
Without his body's constant feedback on how his limbs were moving,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืขื•,
01:05
Waterman was unable to sit up, stand, or walk.
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ื•ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืœืขืžื•ื“, ืื• ืœืœื›ืช.
01:11
But over time, he taught himself to use sight to judge the distance
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง
01:16
of his limbs from other objects.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:20
And eventually he regained complete control of his bodyโ€”
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•-
01:24
so long as he could see it.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:28
We often donโ€™t think of touch as being a vital part of movement.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืข ื›ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
01:33
But touch is just one part of the somatosensory system,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื•-ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ืช,
01:38
a network that oversees all the sensations
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ืจืฉืช ืฉืžืคืงื—ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื ืกืฆื™ื•ืช
01:41
arising from the surface and interior of our bodies.
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:45
Touch, pain, temperature, and our awareness of our bodies in spaceโ€”
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ืžื’ืข, ื›ืื‘, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื•ืคื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ-
01:51
also known as proprioceptionโ€” are regulated by this system.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื•ืคืจื™ื•ืกืคืฆื™ื” - ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•.
01:55
And when something goes wrong, the effects can be dramatic.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:00
All these sensations are processed by millions of tiny receptor cells
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
02:06
embedded in our skin, muscles, tendons, and organs.
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:11
Every square centimeter of our skin is packed with hundreds of these cells,
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ื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืืœื”,
02:16
and their shape, size, and depth determine what kind of stimuli they respond to.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื, ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื•ืขื•ืžืงื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื.
02:23
Mechanoreceptors sense mechanical deformation of the skin.
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ืžื›ื ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื“ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
02:29
This could be triggered by low or high frequency vibrations,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
02:33
a stretch, or simply light, static pressure.
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ืžืชื™ื—ื”, ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ืฅ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืงืœ.
02:37
Thermoreceptors respond to temperature changes,
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ืชืจืžื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
02:41
while nociceptors sense pain.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฆื™ืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืื‘.
02:44
And propriocepters sit deep in your muscles and tendons,
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ื•ืคืจื•ืคืจื™ื•ืฆืคื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:50
continually detecting and relaying information
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ืžืืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข
02:53
about the position of your body.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:55
Your brain then combines this information with other sensory data
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:00
to move through space without needing to see your limbs.
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ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:05
All of these receptors work by sending electrical signals to the brain
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื—
03:10
through fibers theyโ€™re attached to.
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ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:12
And the speed of those signals varies with the fiberโ€™s thickness.
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ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘.
03:16
For example, some nociceptors are attached to fibers
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืฆื™ืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื
03:20
with slightly more conductive, fatty myelin than others.
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ืขื ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš, ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
03:25
So when you get hurt, the electrical impulses from thicker nociceptors
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ืคื’ืข, ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืฆื™ืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:30
trigger sharp, intense pain,
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ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ืื‘ ื—ื“ ื•ืขื–,
03:33
while thin, unmyelinated nociceptors are responsible
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืฆื™ืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืงื™ื, ืœืœื ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ื
03:37
for the dull, aching pain that follows.
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ืœื›ืื‘ ื”ืขืžื•ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•.
03:39
And since the fibers carrying tactile information are much thicker
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:43
than those carrying nociceptive signals,
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ืžืืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื™ืฆืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:46
rubbing an injury can produce temporary relief from the pain
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ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืงืœื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžื”ื›ืื‘
03:51
These receptors generate a constant flood of signals
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช
03:55
that travel through the nervous system to the brain.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ื—.
03:58
But if this process is disruptedโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืจืข -
04:01
either by damage to the skin, the nerves, or the brainโ€”
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ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื–ืง ืœืขื•ืจ, ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืื• ืœืžื•ื—-
04:04
the network breaks down.
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ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช.
04:06
And since it underpins so many bodily functions,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:11
damage to the somatosensory system can manifest in a wide variety of ways.
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ื ื–ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
04:18
In Watermanโ€™s case, an autoimmune reaction
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ, ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ืช
04:22
attacked a large swath of his nervous system,
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ืชืงืคื” ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
04:24
leaving him with no tactile or proprioceptive sensations
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ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคืจื™ื•ืฆืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
04:29
from the neck down.
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ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ืžื˜ื”.
04:30
But deafferentation is just one of many somatosensory disorders.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื”-ืืคืจื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:36
Individuals can receive damage to a specific brain area or a section of skin,
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื— ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืื• ืงื˜ืข ืขื•ืจ,
04:42
resulting in the loss of certain sensations in particular locations.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
04:47
And the impact of this loss can be significant.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
04:52
Losing tactile sensations makes it difficult to gauge how much strength
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ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื—
04:57
to use in a situation.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื‘.
05:00
Without the warning signals provided by thermal and pain stimuli,
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ืœืœื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ื,
05:05
we donโ€™t react when our bodies are damaged.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืคื’ืข.
05:08
And, being deprived of social touch can cause a condition
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ื•ื’ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืœ ืžื’ืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฆื‘
05:12
known as touch starvation,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจืขื‘ ืœืžื’ืข,
05:15
characterized by anxiety, depression,
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ืฉืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
05:18
high blood pressure, and even a weakened immune system.
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ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช.
05:23
Many individuals who face these realities have found innovative ways to adapt.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
05:28
But itโ€™s undeniable that all these invisible sensations
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:32
play a vital role in how we navigate the worldโ€”
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ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื-
05:37
even if they can be difficult to put your finger on.
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ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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