How mucus keeps us healthy - Katharina Ribbeck

1,297,994 views ใƒป 2015-11-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:11
If you've got a cold, mucus is hard to miss.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ.
00:15
But what is it, and what does it do besides making you miserable?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื•ืžืœืœื™ื?
00:19
Your body produces more than a liter of mucus every day,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
00:23
and all the wet surfaces of your body that are not covered by skin,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืขื•ืจ,
00:27
like your eyes,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
00:28
nose,
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ื”ืืฃ,
00:29
mouth,
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ืคื”,
00:30
lungs,
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ืจื™ืื•ืช,
00:31
and stomach get a liberal coating.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืคื”.
00:33
That's why they're known as mucus membranes.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืจื™ืจ.
00:36
Mucus plays lots of roles in your body.
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ืจื™ืจ ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
00:38
It keeps delicate tissues from drying out and cracking,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืกื“ืง.
00:41
which would expose them to infection.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
00:44
It lubricates your eyes so you can blink.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆืžืฅ.
00:46
It protects your stomach lining from acid.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื”.
00:49
It neutralizes threats by removing or trapping substances
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืจืช ืื• ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:53
that could make you sick.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
00:55
And finally, it houses and keeps your body's trillions of bacterial inhabitants,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:01
your microbiota, under control.
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื”, ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
01:04
Mucus contains lots of different compounds,
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ืจื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:07
including proteins, fats, and salts.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื.
01:10
But a key component of mucus versatility is a set of proteins called mucins.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื‘ ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื.
01:15
Mucins are the primary large molecules in mucus
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ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจ
01:19
and are essential for giving mucus its slippery feel.
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœืจื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœืงืœืงื” ืฉืœื•.
01:23
They belong to a class of proteins called glycoproteins
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ืœื™ืงื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
01:26
which are built out of both amino acids and sugars.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื.
01:30
In mucin, long chains of sugars are attached to specific amino acids
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ื‘ืžื•ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช
01:35
in the protein backbone.
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ื‘ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:37
The hydrophilic sugar chains help mucin dissolve in your body's watery fluids.
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ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืงื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:43
Mucus, which is up to 90% water,
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ืจื™ืจ, ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืขื“ 90% ืžื™ื,
01:45
stays hydrated thanks to these sugar chains.
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ื ืฉืืจ ืจื•ื•ื™ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ืืœื•.
01:48
Some of these mucins can interact with other mucin molecules
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:52
to create a complex network that establishes a barrier
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ืกื•ื
01:55
against pathogens and other invaders.
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ื ื’ื“ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:58
That's why mucus is the body's first line of defense against foreign objects,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืจื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื–ืจื™ื,
02:03
like bacteria and dust.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืง.
02:05
It's continuously produced to clear them from the respiratory tract,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
02:09
like a slimy conveyor belt.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืกื•ืข ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืง.
02:11
This keeps bacteria from getting a solid purchase on delicate lung tissue,
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
02:15
or making it to the blood stream, where they could cause a major infection.
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ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืจื ื”ื“ื, ืฉื ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:20
Many of those harmful bacteria also cause diseases
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช
02:23
when they cluster into slimy growths called biofilms.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืื’ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ืคื™ืœื.
02:27
But mucus contains mucins,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื,
02:29
antimicrobial peptides,
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ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื,
02:31
antibodies,
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ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
02:32
and even bacteria-hungry viruses called bacteriophages
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืจื™ื•ืคืื’'ื™ื
02:36
that all work together to prevent biofilms from forming.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื‘ื™ื• ืคื™ืœื ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
02:40
If microbes do become harmful and you get sick,
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ืื ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:43
the body ramps up mucus production to try to quickly flush out the offenders,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
02:48
and the immune system floods your mucus with extra white blood cells.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
02:53
In fact, the greenish mucus often associated with infections
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืš ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื
02:57
gets its color from an enzyme produced by those white blood cells.
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื• ืžืื ื–ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:01
This multi-pronged approach to bacterial management
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
03:04
is one of the main reasons why we're not sick all the time.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:07
Even though mucus protects against the infectious bacteria,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืจื™ืจ ืžื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช,
03:11
the vast majority of your body's bacterial tenants are not harmful,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
03:16
and many are actually beneficial.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื.
03:18
That's particularly true when they live in mucus,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืจ,
03:21
where they can perform important functions,
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:23
like synthesizing vitamins,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืกื ื˜ื– ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื,
03:25
suppressing harmful inflammation,
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ืœื“ื›ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
03:27
and controlling the growth of more harmful species.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
03:30
So even though you probably associate mucus with being ill,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื™ืจ ืœืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
03:34
it's really helping you stay healthy.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
03:36
Sure, it might seem gross,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ,
03:38
but can you think of any other substance that can lubricate,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืš,
03:42
keep your body clean,
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื ืงื™,
03:43
fight infection,
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ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื,
03:45
and domesticate a teeming bacterial population?
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ื•ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงืงืช?
03:48
Nope, just mucus.
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ืœื, ืจืง ืจื™ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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