How pandemics spread

3,396,935 views ใƒป 2012-03-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
(music)
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Orr Schlesinger
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
00:14
(music)
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(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
00:39
We live in an interconnected, an increasingly globalized world.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
00:43
Thanks to international jet travel,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
00:45
people and the diseases they carry
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
00:48
can be in any city on the planet in a matter of hours.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:57
And once a virus touches down,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ื•ื—ืช,
00:59
sometimes all it takes is one sneeze to spread
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจืง ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
01:02
the infection throughout the community.
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ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
01:06
When humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming the wild savannas,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:09
we were never in one place long enough,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ,
01:11
and settlements were not large enough
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ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:13
to sustain the transmission of infectious microbes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื.
01:16
But with the advent of the agricultural revolution
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ืืš ืขื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
01:19
10,000 years ago, and the arrival of permanent settlements
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข
01:23
in the Middle East, people began living side-by-side with animals,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”,
01:26
facilitating the spread of bacteria and viruses
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
01:30
between cattle and humans.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
01:33
Epidemics and pandemics come in many shapes and forms.
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ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
01:36
In 2010, for instance,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010, ืœืžืฉืœ,
01:39
a devastating earthquake struck Haiti,
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ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
01:42
forcing thousands of people into temporary refugee camps.
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ื•ืื™ืœืฆื” ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืจืขื™ื™ื.
01:45
Within weeks, the camps had become breeding grounds for cholera,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื™ืจื”,
01:49
a bacteria spread by contaminated water,
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื,
01:52
triggering a country-wide epidemic.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื›ืœืœ-ืืจืฆื™ืช.
01:55
But the most common cause of epidemics are viruses,
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ืืš ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
01:58
such as measles, influenza and HIV.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื‘ืช, ืฉืคืขืช ื• HIV.
02:02
And when they go global, we call them pandemics.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
02:05
Pandemics have occurred throughout human history,
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ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:09
Some have left scars on the tissue and bone of their victims,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช,
02:13
while evidence for others comes from preserved DNA.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช DNA ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืจ.
02:16
For instance, scientists have recovered DNA
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื• DNA
02:19
from the bacteria that transmits tuberculosis
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ืžื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ืคืช
02:22
from the remains of ancient Egyptian mummies.
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
02:25
And in 2011,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011,
02:28
scientists investigating a plague pit in the city of London
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจื• ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
02:31
were able to reconstruct the genome of Yersinia pestis,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจืกื™ื ื™ื” ืคืกื˜ื™ืก,
02:35
the bacterium responsible for the Black Death of the 14th century.
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ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 14.
02:39
It is thought the plague originated in China
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
02:42
in around 1340,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช 1340,
02:44
spreading west along the Silk Road,
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™,
02:47
the caravan route running from Mongolia to the Crimea.
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ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืกื—ืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื” ืœืงืจื™ืžืื”.
02:50
In 1347, the plague reached the Mediterranean,
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ื‘ 1347 ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:54
and by 1400, it had killed in excess of
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ื•ืขื“ 1400 ื”ืจื’ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž
02:57
34 million Europeans, earning it the title,
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34 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™
03:01
the Great Mortality.
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"ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
03:03
It was later historians who called it the Black Death.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:06
However, by far the greatest pandemic killer
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืฉื’ื‘ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื
03:11
is influenza.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
03:12
Flu is constantly circulating between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ืขื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช.
03:17
In North America and Europe,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
03:19
seasonal flus occur every autumn and winter.
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ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืœ ืกืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
03:22
As the majority of children and adults will have been exposed to the virus in previous seasons,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช,
03:27
these illnesses are usually mild.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื—ืœืชื ืงืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:29
However, every 20 to 40 years or so
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ืืš ื›ืœ 20 ืื• 40 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
03:33
the virus undergoes a dramatic mutation.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
03:36
Usually this occurs when a wild flu virus
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
03:40
circulating in ducks and farm poultry
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ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื”
03:43
meets a pig virus, and they exchange genes.
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ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื–ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื.
03:46
This process is known as antigenic shift
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ืช
03:50
and has occurred throughout human history.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:53
The first recorded pandemic occurred in 1580.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ 1580.
03:57
The 18th and 19th centuries
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื” 18 ื•ื” 19
04:00
saw at least six further pandemics.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
04:02
In terms of mortality,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืžื•ืชื”,
04:04
none can compare with the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918.
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ืืฃ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ 1918.
04:08
The first indication of the pandemic
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ื”ืจืžื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื’ืคื”
04:12
came in the spring, when American troops in northern France
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช
04:15
began complaining of chills, headaches and fever.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื.
04:19
Then, the following September, at a U.S. Army barracks near Boston,
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ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:23
soldiers started collapsing on parade,
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฆืขื“ื”,
04:26
prompting their removal to the camp infirmary.
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ื•ืคื•ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžืจืคืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
04:29
As a surgeon there recalled,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืื”,
04:32
two hours after admission, they had the mahogany spots over the cheekbones
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ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืชื, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืžื”ื’ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื
04:35
and a few hours later
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:38
you can begin to see the cyanosis extending from their ears
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ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื”ื
04:41
and spreading all over the face.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื.
04:43
It is only a matter of a few hours then until death comes,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืข,
04:46
and it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื‘ืง ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื ื—ื ืงื™ื.
04:50
On the S.S. Leviathan,
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ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ,
04:53
a huge American transport en route to Bordeaux,
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืฉื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื•,
04:56
sick men hemorrhaged blood from their noses,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื™ืžืžื• ืžืืคื™ื”ื,
04:59
turning the decks between their bunks slick with bodily fluids.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื—ืœืงืœืงื™ื ืžื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:03
Meanwhile, British soldiers returning from northern France on furlough
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”
05:08
introduced the flu to Dover and other Channel ports,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”,
05:11
from where the virus was carried by rail to London.
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ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
05:13
By the time the pandemic had run its course
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ืฉื›ื—ื”
05:16
in April 1919,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1919,
05:18
an estimated 675,000 Americans
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉ 675,000 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
05:22
and 230,000 Britons were dead.
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ื• 230,000 ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•.
05:25
In India alone, some 10 million were killed,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื‘ื“ื”, 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•,
05:29
and worldwide the death toll was an astonishing 50 million.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” 50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ.
05:34
But that was then.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื–.
05:35
Today, planes can transport viruses
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
05:38
to any country on the globe
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:41
in a fraction of the time it took in 1918.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ 1918.
05:43
In February 2003, for instance,
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ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2003, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
05:46
a Chinese doctor arrived at the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong
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ืจื•ืคื ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’
05:50
feeling unwell.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืจืข.
05:52
Unknown to him, he was harboring a new animal-origin virus called SARS,
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ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืืจืก,
05:56
short for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
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ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจ.
06:07
Within 24 hours of checking into Room 913,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ 913,
06:10
sixteen other guests had been infected,
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•,
06:13
and over the following days five boarded planes to overseas destinations,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:17
spreading the virus to Vietnam, Singapore and Canada.
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืื˜ื ื, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ืงื ื“ื”.
06:22
Flights between Hong Kong, Toronto and other international cities were quickly grounded
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ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’, ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื• ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืงืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”
06:27
and thanks to other emergency measures,
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื—ืจื•ื,
06:30
a pandemic was averted.
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ืžื’ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื”.
06:32
By the time the outbreak was over four months later,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ื ื’ืžืจื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:36
SARS had infected 29 countries worldwide
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ืกืืจืก ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” 29 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:40
and more than 1,000 people were dead.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•.
06:43
For all that the virus was rapidly contained, however,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
06:46
there was little that could be done about the alarming news reports
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื
06:49
carried by cable news channels and the Internet.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
06:52
As bloggers added to the hysteria
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ื›ืฉื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”
06:55
by spreading unfounded conspiracy theories,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช,
06:58
tourism in Hong Kong and other affected cities ground to a halt,
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ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ืขืจื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
07:01
costing businesses more than 10 billion U.S. dollars.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
07:06
One business, however, did very well.
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ืขืกืง ืื—ื“, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืžืื•ื“.
07:14
Above all, SARS was a reminder that pandemics have always been associated with panic.
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ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ืกืืจืก ื”ื™ื” ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืžื’ืคื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”.
07:22
If history teaches us anything,
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ืื ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•,
07:24
it's that while pandemics may start small,
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื’ืคื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:26
their impacts can be as dramatic as wars and natural disasters.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข.
07:30
The difference today
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
07:32
is that science gives us the ability to detect pandemics
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช
07:35
right at the very beginning
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
07:38
and to take action to mitigate their impacts
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ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
07:41
before they spread too widely.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
07:44
(music)
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Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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