How pandemics spread

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Translator: Deera Army Pramana Reviewer: Ade Indarta

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We live in an interconnected, an increasingly globalized world.

Kita hidup di dunia yang semakin terhubung dan global.

Thanks to international jet travel,

Berkat angkutan jet internasional,

people and the diseases they carry

orang dan penyakit yang mereka bawa

can be in any city on the planet in a matter of hours.

dapat mencapai kota mana pun di planet ini dalam hitungan jam.

And once a virus touches down,

Begitu virus mendarat,

sometimes all it takes is one sneeze to spread

terkadang cukup dengan satu kali bersin

the infection throughout the community.

infeksi bisa tersebar ke seluruh komunitas.

When humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming the wild savannas,

Saat manusia masih berburu dan meramu, menjelajahi sabana liar,

we were never in one place long enough,

kita tidak pernah bermukim cukup lama,

and settlements were not large enough

dan permukiman tidak cukup besar untuk memungkinkan penyebaran mikrob infeksius.

to sustain the transmission of infectious microbes.

But with the advent of the agricultural revolution

Akan tetapi, setelah datangnya revolusi pertanian 10.000 tahun lalu,

10,000 years ago, and the arrival of permanent settlements

dan terciptanya permukiman tetap di Timur Tengah,

in the Middle East, people began living side-by-side with animals,

orang mulai hidup berdampingan dengan hewan,

facilitating the spread of bacteria and viruses

memfasilitasi penyebaran bakteri dan virus

between cattle and humans.

antara ternak dan manusia.

Epidemics and pandemics come in many shapes and forms.

Epidemi dan pandemi terjadi dalam beragam bentuk.

In 2010, for instance,

Di tahun 2010 misalnya,

a devastating earthquake struck Haiti,

gempa bumi besar mengguncang Haiti,

memaksa ribuan orang tinggal di tenda-tenda pengungsian.

forcing thousands of people into temporary refugee camps.

Within weeks, the camps had become breeding grounds for cholera,

Dalam beberapa minggu, area itu menjadi tempat perkembangbiakan kolera,

a bacteria spread by contaminated water,

bakteri yang menyebar melalui air yang terkontaminasi,

memicu terjadinya epidemi di seantero negeri.

triggering a country-wide epidemic.

But the most common cause of epidemics are viruses,

Tetapi, penyebab epidemi paling umum adalah virus,

such as measles, influenza and HIV.

seperti campak, influenza, dan HIV.

And when they go global, we call them pandemics.

Jika epidemi menyebar ke seluruh dunia, kita menyebutnya pandemi.

Pandemics have occurred throughout human history,

Pandemi telah terjadi di sepanjang sejarah manusia.

Some have left scars on the tissue and bone of their victims,

Sebagian pandemi meninggalkan luka pada jaringan dan tulang korbannya,

while evidence for others comes from preserved DNA.

sedangkan bukti lain bisa tampak dari DNA yang terawetkan.

For instance, scientists have recovered DNA

Contohnya, ilmuwan telah menemukan DNA dari bakteri yang menyebarkan tuberkulosis

from the bacteria that transmits tuberculosis

from the remains of ancient Egyptian mummies.

pada jasad mumi Mesir Kuno.

And in 2011,

Di tahun 2011,

scientists investigating a plague pit in the city of London

ilmuwan yang meneliti kuburan masal akibat wabah di kota London

were able to reconstruct the genome of Yersinia pestis,

berhasil menyusun ulang genom Yersinia pestis,

the bacterium responsible for the Black Death of the 14th century.

bakteri penyebab Wabah Hitam di abad ke-14.

It is thought the plague originated in China

Diduga bahwa wabah itu berasal dari Tiongkok

in around 1340,

sekitar tahun 1340,

spreading west along the Silk Road,

menyebar ke barat sepanjang Jalur Sutera,

the caravan route running from Mongolia to the Crimea.

rute karavan yang membentang dari Mongolia hingga ke Crimea.

In 1347, the plague reached the Mediterranean,

Di tahun 1347, wabah itu mencapai Mediteranea,

and by 1400, it had killed in excess of

dan di tahun 1400, wabah itu telah membunuh

lebih dari 34 juta warga Eropa,

34 million Europeans, earning it the title,

sehingga wabah ini disebut Mortalitas Besar.

the Great Mortality.

It was later historians who called it the Black Death.

Sejarawanlah yang kemudian menyebutnya sebagai Wabah Hitam.

However, by far the greatest pandemic killer

Akan tetapi, sejauh ini yang merupakan pandemi pembunuh terbesar

is influenza.

adalah influenza.

Flu is constantly circulating between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.

Flu terus menyebar antara belahan bumi selatan dan utara.

In North America and Europe,

Di Amerika Utara dan Eropa,

seasonal flus occur every autumn and winter.

flu musiman terjadi setiap musim gugur dan musim dingin.

As the majority of children and adults will have been exposed to the virus in previous seasons,

Karena sebagian besar anak-anak dan dewasa telah terpapar virus musim sebelumnya,

these illnesses are usually mild.

penyakit ini biasanya tidak parah.

However, every 20 to 40 years or so

Akan tetapi, setiap kira-kira 20 hingga 40 tahun

the virus undergoes a dramatic mutation.

virus ini mengalami mutasi drastis.

Usually this occurs when a wild flu virus

Biasanya ini terjadi saat virus flu liar

circulating in ducks and farm poultry

yang beredar di antara bebek dan unggas ternak

meets a pig virus, and they exchange genes.

bertemu dengan virus babi, dan mereka bertukar gen.

This process is known as antigenic shift

Proses ini disebut dengan pergeseran antigenik

and has occurred throughout human history.

dan telah terjadi sepanjang sejarah manusia.

The first recorded pandemic occurred in 1580.

Pandemi yang pertama kali tercatat terjadi di tahun 1580.

The 18th and 19th centuries

Antara abad ke-18 dan abad ke-19

saw at least six further pandemics.

telah terjadi enam pandemi lagi.

In terms of mortality,

Dalam hal angka kematian,

none can compare with the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918.

belum ada yang menyaingi Wabah Flu Spanyol di tahun 1918.

The first indication of the pandemic

Indikasi pertama pandemi itu muncul di musim semi,

came in the spring, when American troops in northern France

saat prajurit Amerika di Perancis utara

began complaining of chills, headaches and fever.

mulai mengeluhkan sensasi dingin, sakit kepala, dan demam.

Then, the following September, at a U.S. Army barracks near Boston,

Lalu, bulan September berikutnya, di barak Tentara AS di dekat Boston,

soldiers started collapsing on parade,

para prajurit mulai pingsan saat berparade,

prompting their removal to the camp infirmary.

dan segera diangkut ke kamp kesehatan.

As a surgeon there recalled,

Seorang dokter bedah di sana ingat,

two hours after admission, they had the mahogany spots over the cheekbones

dua jam kemudian muncul bercak kecokelatan di area tulang pipi

and a few hours later

dan beberapa jam kemudian

mulai tampak sianosis berawal dari telinga mereka

you can begin to see the cyanosis extending from their ears

and spreading all over the face.

menyebar ke seluruh wajah.

It is only a matter of a few hours then until death comes,

Hanya selang beberapa jam hingga maut menjemput mereka,

and it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate.

mereka tersengal-sengal dan akhirnya mati kehabisan napas.

On the S.S. Leviathan,

Di atas S.S. Leviathan,

a huge American transport en route to Bordeaux,

kapal angkut besar milik Amerika dengan rute ke Bordeaux,

sick men hemorrhaged blood from their noses,

enam orang mengalami pendarahan dari hidungnya,

turning the decks between their bunks slick with bodily fluids.

cairan tubuh mereka membanjir di antara dipan-dipan di atas dek.

Meanwhile, British soldiers returning from northern France on furlough

Sementara itu, prajurit Inggris yang cuti dan kembali dari Perancis utara

membawa flu itu ke Dover dan pelabuhan selat lainnya,

introduced the flu to Dover and other Channel ports,

from where the virus was carried by rail to London.

dari sanalah virus terangkut kereta api ke London.

By the time the pandemic had run its course

Setelah pandemi itu berlalu di bulan April 1919,

in April 1919,

an estimated 675,000 Americans

diperkirakan 675.000 orang Amerika

and 230,000 Britons were dead.

dan 230.000 orang Inggris meninggal.

In India alone, some 10 million were killed,

Di India saja, sekitar 10 juta orang meninggal.

and worldwide the death toll was an astonishing 50 million.

Di seluruh dunia, total angka kematian begitu mencengangkan, mencapai 50 juta.

But that was then.

Today, planes can transport viruses

Padahal, itu dulu.

Kini, pesawat dapat membawa virus

to any country on the globe

ke negara manapun di dunia

hanya dalam sepersekian waktu yang diperlukan tahun 1918.

in a fraction of the time it took in 1918.

In February 2003, for instance,

Di bulan Februari 2003, misalnya,

a Chinese doctor arrived at the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong

seorang dokter Tiongkok tiba di Hotel Metropole di Hong Kong,

feeling unwell.

merasa tidak enak badan.

Unknown to him, he was harboring a new animal-origin virus called SARS,

Ia tidak tahu bahwa ia terjangkiti virus SARS yang berasal dari hewan,

short for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

singkatan dari Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

Within 24 hours of checking into Room 913,

Selama 24 jam ia menempati Kamar 913,

sixteen other guests had been infected,

16 tamu lainnya telah tertulari.

and over the following days five boarded planes to overseas destinations,

Dalam beberapa hari berikutnya, lima penerbangan ke luar negeri

spreading the virus to Vietnam, Singapore and Canada.

menyebarkan virus ke Vietnam, Singapura, dan Kanada.

Flights between Hong Kong, Toronto and other international cities were quickly grounded

Penerbangan antara Hongkong dan Toronto dengan kota-kota lain segera ditutup

and thanks to other emergency measures,

dan berkat tindakan darurat lainnya,

a pandemic was averted.

terjadinya pandemi berhasil dicegah.

By the time the outbreak was over four months later,

Empat bulan kemudian, saat wabah SARS berakhir,

SARS had infected 29 countries worldwide

SARS telah menginfeksi 29 negara di seluruh dunia

dan lebih dari 1.000 orang meninggal.

and more than 1,000 people were dead.

For all that the virus was rapidly contained, however,

Meskipun virus dapat dengan cepat dikurung,

there was little that could be done about the alarming news reports

sedikit yang bisa dilakukan terhadap berita-berita mengkhawatirkan

carried by cable news channels and the Internet.

yang disiarkan oleh televisi kabel dan internet.

As bloggers added to the hysteria

Karena para blogger turut meningkatkan histeria

by spreading unfounded conspiracy theories,

dengan menyebarkan rumor teori konspirasi tanpa dasar,

tourism in Hong Kong and other affected cities ground to a halt,

pariwisata Hong Kong dan kota terdampak lainnya, terpuruk,

costing businesses more than 10 billion U.S. dollars.

menyebabkan kerugian bisnis lebih dari 10 miliar dolar AS.

One business, however, did very well.

Akan tetapi, ada satu bisnis yang justru berjaya.

Apapun itu, SARS adalah pengingat bahwa pandemi selalu disertai dengan kepanikan.

Above all, SARS was a reminder that pandemics have always been associated with panic.

Satu yang bisa kita pelajari dari sejarah,

If history teaches us anything,

it's that while pandemics may start small,

yaitu seberapapun kecilnya skala awal pandemi,

their impacts can be as dramatic as wars and natural disasters.

dampaknya bisa sedramatis perang dan bencana alam.

The difference today

Bedanya saat ini,

is that science gives us the ability to detect pandemics

ilmu pengetahuan memberi kita kemampuan untuk mendeteksi pandemi

right at the very beginning

sedini mungkin

and to take action to mitigate their impacts

dan segera bertindak untuk mengatasi dampaknya

before they spread too widely.

sebelum menyebar terlalu luas.

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