The secret behind how Chinese characters work - Gina Marie Elia

894,127 views ใƒป 2024-06-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
According to legend, in the 27th century BCE,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-27 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:10
the Yellow Emperor of China charged his historian, Cangjie,
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ืฆโ€˜ื ื’โ€™ื™ื™,
00:14
to develop a system of writing.
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ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
00:17
Sitting alongside a riverbank, Cangjie noticed the imagery that surrounded him.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื’ื“ืช ื ื”ืจ, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฆโ€˜ื ื’โ€™ื™ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื•.
00:22
From this, he created the first Chinese characters.
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ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:25
And that night, the sky rained millet while ghosts cried,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื™ืจื• ื“ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืคืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•,
00:29
fearing their actions may now be condemned by the written word.
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ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
00:32
We canโ€™t say for sure whether the story is true.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:35
But the earliest artifacts containing Chinese characters
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ืืš ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช
00:38
date to the Shang Dynasty, around 1250 to 1050 BCE,
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ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืื ื’, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1250 ืขื“ 1050 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:43
still making it one of the earliest forms of written language.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
00:47
Characters etched on ox bones and turtle shells
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื
00:50
show Shang kingsโ€™ writings to their ancestors,
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฉืื ื’ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
00:53
discussing everything from agriculture to the origins of a toothache.
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ื•ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:57
And as the legend suggests,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืจืžื–ืช,
00:58
these ancient characters were mainly pictograms,
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ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื™ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช,
01:01
or symbols that resemble what theyโ€™re meant to represent.
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ืื• ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’.
01:04
Even today, some of the most foundational Chinese characters remain pictographic,
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ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืคื™ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช,
01:09
like rรฉn (ไบบ), which means person, and mรน (ๆœจ), which means wood or tree.
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ื›ืžื• rรฉn (ไบบ), ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื“ื, ื•- mรน (ๆœจ), ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื—ืคืฅ ืžืขืฅ ืื• ืขืฅ.
01:14
Some characters are ideograms, or symbols that represent abstract concepts,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช, ืื• ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื,
01:19
like the numbers yฤซ (ไธ€), รจr (ไบŒ), and sฤn (ไธ‰).
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื yฤซ (ไธ€), รจr (ไบŒ) ื•- sฤn (ไธ‰).
01:22
Others are compound ideograms,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
01:24
which combine two or more pictograms or ideograms.
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ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืคื™ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:27
For example, xiลซ (ไผ‘) places the character for person
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, xiลซ (ไผ‘) ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืœืื“ื
01:31
next to the character for tree and means to rest.
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ืกืžืœ ืœืขืฅ ื•ืžืฉืžืขืชื” ืœื ื•ื—.
01:34
However, most modern-day characters are known as logograms,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ื’ื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช,
01:38
and are constructed of two components: a radical component,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื: ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™,
01:42
which gestures at the meaning of the character,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืช,
01:44
and a sound component, which hints at its pronunciation.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฆืœื™ืœ, ื”ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื™ืชื•.
01:47
And all characters are built from a variety of strokes,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช,
01:50
which are often simplified to eight basic types.
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ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
01:53
There are 214 radicals, each with its own definition.
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ื™ืฉื ื 214 ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืฉืœื•.
01:57
Some can stand alone, while others cannot.
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ื—ืœืงื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:00
For instance, the radical rรฌ (ๆ—ฅ), written on its own means sun.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœ rรฌ (ๆ—ฅ), ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืžืฉ.
02:04
Itโ€™s also used in characters with sun-related definitions,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ,
02:07
such as xiวŽo (ๆ™“) meaning dawn.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ xiวŽo (ๆ™“) ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื—ืจ.
02:10
The radical cวŽo (่‰น), on the other hand, never stands alone,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœ- cวŽo (่‰น), ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•,
02:13
but can be found within characters related to grass and plants,
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ืืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื“ืฉื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:16
like huฤ (่Šฑ) meaning flower.
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ื›ืžื• huฤ (่Šฑ) ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืคืจื—.
02:19
And the radical shuว (ๆฐด), meaning water, always stands alone,
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ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœ shuว (ๆฐด), ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•,
02:22
but has a variant (ๆฐต) that is used when itโ€™s part of more complex characters
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ืจืกื”(ๆฐต) ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:26
like hรฉ (ๆฒณ), meaning river.
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ื›ืžื• hรฉ (ๆฒณ), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื”ืจ.
02:28
Radicals can appear in different positions:
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ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
02:30
to the left, to the right, above, below,
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ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืขืœ, ืžืชื—ืช,
02:34
or even surrounding the rest of the character.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืช.
02:36
There are many more sound components than radicals,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื,
02:39
with estimates ranging in the thousands.
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ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ื.
02:42
Similar sounding words often share the same sound component,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฆืœื™ืœ,
02:45
and their radicals help shed light on their meanings.
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ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
02:47
Take fฤ“ng (ๅณฐ) and fฤ“ng (่œ‚).
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ืงื— ืคืื ื’ (ๅณฐ) ื•ืคื ื’ (่œ‚).
02:49
The radical shฤn (ๅฑฑ) means mountain,
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ื”ืฉืืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ (ๅฑฑ) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืจ,
02:51
which hints at the first characterโ€™s definition: summit.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืคืกื’ื”.
02:55
The radical in the second character, chรณng (่™ซ), means insect,
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ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, chรณng (่™ซ), ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ืจืง,
02:58
and together with the sound component means bee.
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:02
While many words in Chinese sound similar, just like in other languages,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:05
context or tonality helps clarify their meaning.
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ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื• ื”ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ.
03:09
Yet how each character is pronounced depends on dialect,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื‘,
03:12
which varies across the country.
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ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:14
So conversations in Chengdu may sound vastly different than in Nanjing,
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ืื– ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆโ€™ื ื’ื“ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืื ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’,
03:19
but in both places, the written language is the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื–ื”ื”.
03:22
And unlike the romance languages,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:24
Chinese has no gendered nouns or verb conjugations.
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ืœืกื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ืžื•ื“ ืคืขืœื™ื.
03:27
So the character chฤซ (ๅƒ), meaning to eat, remains unchanged
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ืช ืฆโ€™ื™ (ๅƒ), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื ืฉืืจืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
03:31
whether the subject is yourself, a coworker, or a lesion of fearful ghosts.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืขืžื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืคื’ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืคืื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:36
To indicate the past, a marker like le (ไบ†) can be added.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกืžืŸ ื›ืžื• le (ไบ†).
03:39
So โ€œI eat breadโ€ becomes โ€œI ate bread.โ€
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ืื– "ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื" ื”ื•ืคืš ืœ"ืื›ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื".
03:42
Over the years, the Chinese writing system has undergone many changes.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:47
As characters went from being etched in bone, to cast in bronze,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืœื™ืฆื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”,
03:50
to brushed on paper,
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ืœื”ื‘ืจืฉื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
03:51
their script has evolved along the way.
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ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
03:53
In the 1950s and 60s, the Chinese Communist Party introduced
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”-60 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
03:57
new simplified versions of the traditional characters,
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ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
04:00
which are now standard in China,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
04:02
though traditional characters remain in use in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
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ืื ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ.
04:06
And while the Chinese character system may seem unique,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
04:08
its development greatly influenced the spoken languages
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช
04:11
and writing systems of its neighbors.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”.
04:13
For example, around 60% of Japanese dictionary entries are kanjiโ€”
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื› -60% ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืŸ ืงืื ื’โ€™--
04:18
characters that originated in Chinese or were created from its elements.
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ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื”.
04:22
With a 3,000 year history,
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ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ 3,000 ืฉื ื”,
04:24
Chinese characters have and will continue to leave their mark.
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ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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