The secret behind how Chinese characters work - Gina Marie Elia

1,128,220 views ・ 2024-06-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seohyun Park κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
According to legend, in the 27th century BCE,
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전섀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 기원전 27세기에
00:10
the Yellow Emperor of China charged his historian, Cangjie,
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ν™©μ œ ν—Œμ›μ”¨λŠ” 사관 μ°½νžμ—κ²Œ 문자 체계λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜λΌκ³  λͺ…λ Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
to develop a system of writing.
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00:17
Sitting alongside a riverbank, Cangjie noticed the imagery that surrounded him.
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강둑에 앉아 있던 μ°½νžμ€ μ£Όμœ„μ— 보이던 ν˜•μƒλ“€μ— μ£Όλͺ©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
From this, he created the first Chinese characters.
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이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ κ·ΈλŠ” 처음 ν•œμžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
And that night, the sky rained millet while ghosts cried,
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κ·Έλ‚  λ°€ ν•˜λŠ˜μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μˆ˜κ°€ λΉ„μ²˜λŸΌ μŸμ•„λ‚΄λ¦¬κ³  망령듀이 μšΈμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
00:29
fearing their actions may now be condemned by the written word.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 죄가 μ΄μ œλŠ” 기둝으둜 λΉ„λ‚œλ°›μ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 두렀움 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
We can’t say for sure whether the story is true.
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이 이야기가 κ³Όμ—° μ‚¬μ‹€μΈμ§€λŠ” 단언할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
But the earliest artifacts containing Chinese characters
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œμžκ°€ μ ν˜€ μžˆλŠ” κ°€μž₯ 였래된 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ€
00:38
date to the Shang Dynasty, around 1250 to 1050 BCE,
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기원전 1250λ…„μ—μ„œ 1050λ…„ 무렡, μƒλ‚˜λΌ μ‹œλŒ€κΉŒμ§€ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€λ©°,
00:43
still making it one of the earliest forms of written language.
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ν•œμžκ°€ 졜초 문자 μ–Έμ–΄ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž„μ„ μž…μ¦ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
Characters etched on ox bones and turtle shells
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μ†ŒλΌˆμ™€ 거뢁이 λ“±κ»μ§ˆμ— μƒˆκ²¨μ§„ κΈ€μžλŠ”
00:50
show Shang kings’ writings to their ancestors,
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μƒλ‚˜λΌμ˜ 왕듀이 μ‘°μƒμ—κ²Œ μ“΄ 글을 보여 μ£Όλ©°
00:53
discussing everything from agriculture to the origins of a toothache.
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농업뢀터 μΉ˜ν†΅μ˜ μ›μΈκΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
And as the legend suggests,
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μ „μ„€μ—μ„œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
00:58
these ancient characters were mainly pictograms,
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이 κ³ λŒ€ λ¬ΈμžλŠ” 주둜 μƒν˜• 문자,
01:01
or symbols that resemble what they’re meant to represent.
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즉, ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λ €λŠ” λŒ€μƒκ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μƒμ§•μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
Even today, some of the most foundational Chinese characters remain pictographic,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ κ°€μž₯ 기초적인 ν•œμž 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” μƒν˜• 문자둜 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
like rén (人), which means person, and mù (木), which means wood or tree.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ‚¬λžŒ 인(δΊΊ), λ‚˜λ¬΄ λͺ©(木)μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Some characters are ideograms, or symbols that represent abstract concepts,
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μ–΄λ–€ ν•œμžλŠ” 지사 문자, 즉, 좔상적인 κ°œλ…μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 기호인데,
01:19
like the numbers yΔ« (δΈ€), Γ¨r (二), and sān (δΈ‰).
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숫자 일(δΈ€), 이(二), μ‚Ό(δΈ‰)을 예둜 λ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
Others are compound ideograms,
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μƒν˜• λ¬Έμžλ‚˜ 지사 문자 두 개 이상을 μ‘°ν•©ν•œ 회의 λ¬Έμžλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
which combine two or more pictograms or ideograms.
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01:27
For example, xiΕ« (δΌ‘) places the character for person
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μ˜ˆμ‹œλ‘œ 휴(δΌ‘)자λ₯Ό λ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:31
next to the character for tree and means to rest.
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인(δΊΊ)자λ₯Ό λͺ©(木)자 μ˜†μ— λ°°μΉ˜ν•΄ β€˜μ‰¬λ‹€β€™λ₯Ό λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
However, most modern-day characters are known as logograms,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν˜„μž¬ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ¬ΈμžλŠ” ν˜•μ„± 문자둜 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
and are constructed of two components: a radical component,
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μ΄λŠ” 두 가지 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λŠ”λ°,
ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 문자의 의미λ₯Ό κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” λΆ€μˆ˜(部首),
01:42
which gestures at the meaning of the character,
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01:44
and a sound component, which hints at its pronunciation.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ°œμŒμ„ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” μ„±λΆ€(聲部)μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
And all characters are built from a variety of strokes,
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ν•œμžλŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 획으둜 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λ©°,
01:50
which are often simplified to eight basic types.
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ν”νžˆ 8가지 κΈ°λ³Έ μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ‹¨μˆœν™”λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
There are 214 radicals, each with its own definition.
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λΆ€μˆ˜λŠ” 214κ°œκ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ° 각각 κ³ μœ ν•œ μ •μ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Some can stand alone, while others cannot.
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λ‹¨λ…μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λΆ€μˆ˜λ„ 있고 그렇지 μ•Šμ€ λΆ€μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
For instance, the radical rΓ¬ (ζ—₯), written on its own means sun.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λΆ€μˆ˜ 일(ζ—₯)은 ν™€λ‘œ 쓰일 λ•Œ νƒœμ–‘μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
It’s also used in characters with sun-related definitions,
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또 μƒˆλ²½ 효(ζ™“)처럼 νƒœμ–‘κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ λœ»μ„ 가진 λ¬Έμžμ— μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
such as xiǎo (ζ™“) meaning dawn.
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02:10
The radical cǎo (θ‰Ή), on the other hand, never stands alone,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— λΆ€μˆ˜ 초(θ‰Ή)λŠ” λ‹¨λ…μœΌλ‘œ 쓰일 수 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
02:13
but can be found within characters related to grass and plants,
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꽃 ν™”(花)μžμ™€ 같이 ν’€μ΄λ‚˜ 식물과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ¬Έμžμ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
like huā (花) meaning flower.
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02:19
And the radical shuǐ (水), meaning water, always stands alone,
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그리고 λΆ€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ“°μ΄λŠ” λ¬Ό 수(ζ°΄)λŠ” 항상 λ‹¨λ…μœΌλ‘œ μ“°μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:22
but has a variant (ζ°΅) that is used when it’s part of more complex characters
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μ’€ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ¬Έμžμ— 뢙을 λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ³€ν˜•(ζ°΅)도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
like hΓ© (ζ²³), meaning river.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°• ν•˜(ζ²³)μžμ— μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:28
Radicals can appear in different positions:
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λΆ€μˆ˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μœ„μΉ˜μ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:30
to the left, to the right, above, below,
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μ™Όμͺ½, 였λ₯Έμͺ½, μœ„, μ•„λž˜μ— μžˆκ±°λ‚˜
02:34
or even surrounding the rest of the character.
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문자 전체λ₯Ό κ°μŒ€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
There are many more sound components than radicals,
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μ„±λΆ€λŠ” λΆ€μˆ˜λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 λ§Žμ•„ 수천 κ°œμ— λ‹¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  μΆ”μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
with estimates ranging in the thousands.
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02:42
Similar sounding words often share the same sound component,
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발음이 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” 같은 μ„±λΆ€λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 많으며,
02:45
and their radicals help shed light on their meanings.
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같이 μžˆλŠ” λΆ€μˆ˜λŠ” 문자의 λœ»μ„ λ°ν˜€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
Take fΔ“ng (ε³°) and fΔ“ng (θœ‚).
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봉(ε³°)κ³Ό 봉(θœ‚)을 예둜 λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
The radical shān (山) means mountain,
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λΆ€μˆ˜μΈ μ‚°(ε±±)μžλŠ” 첫 문자의 μ •μ˜μΈ μ‚° 정상을 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
which hints at the first character’s definition: summit.
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02:55
The radical in the second character, chΓ³ng (θ™«), means insect,
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두 번째 문자의 λΆ€μˆ˜ μΆ©(θ™«)은 곀좩을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ³ 
02:58
and together with the sound component means bee.
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성뢀와 ν•©μΉ˜λ©΄ κΏ€λ²Œμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
While many words in Chinese sound similar, just like in other languages,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌ 언어와 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ§Žμ€ 쀑ꡭ어 단어가 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ
03:05
context or tonality helps clarify their meaning.
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λ¬Έλ§₯μ΄λ‚˜ μŒμ‘°λŠ” 의미λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Yet how each character is pronounced depends on dialect,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 각 κΈ€μžμ˜ λ°œμŒμ€ 지역 방언에 따라 λ‹€λ₯΄λ©°,
03:12
which varies across the country.
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방언은 λ‚˜λΌ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
So conversations in Chengdu may sound vastly different than in Nanjing,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ²­λ‘μ—μ„œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€ν™”λŠ” λ‚œμ§•μ—μ„œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€ν™”μ™€ λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
03:19
but in both places, the written language is the same.
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두 κ³³μ—μ„œ μ“°λŠ” λ¬ΈμžλŠ” λ™μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
And unlike the romance languages,
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λ‘œλ§μŠ€μ–΄κ΅°κ³ΌλŠ” 달리 μ€‘κ΅­μ–΄μ—λŠ” 성별 λͺ…μ‚¬λ‚˜ 동사 ν™œμš©μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
Chinese has no gendered nouns or verb conjugations.
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03:27
So the character chΔ« (吃), meaning to eat, remains unchanged
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 먹을 흘(吃)μžλŠ” μ£Όμ–΄κ°€ μžμ‹ μ΄λ“ ,
03:31
whether the subject is yourself, a coworker, or a lesion of fearful ghosts.
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λ™λ£Œλ“ , λ¬΄μ‹œλ¬΄μ‹œν•œ κ·€μ‹ λ–Όλ“  상관없이 ν˜•νƒœμ— λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
To indicate the past, a marker like le (δΊ†) can be added.
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κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λ €λ©΄ 료(δΊ†)μžμ™€ 같은 ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
So β€œI eat bread” becomes β€œI ate bread.”
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그러면 β€˜λΉ΅μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ”λ‹€β€™κ°€ β€˜λΉ΅μ„ λ¨Ήμ—ˆλ‹€β€™κ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:42
Over the years, the Chinese writing system has undergone many changes.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ 쀑ꡭ어 문자 μ²΄κ³„λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
As characters went from being etched in bone, to cast in bronze,
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λ¬Έμžκ°€ λΌˆμ— μƒˆκ²¨μ§€λ‹€κ°€ μ²­λ™μœΌλ‘œ 주쑰되고
03:50
to brushed on paper,
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λΆ“μœΌλ‘œ 쒅이에 μ“°λŠ” μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œλ©΄μ„œ λ¬ΈμžλŠ” 그에 따라 λ°”λ€Œμ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
their script has evolved along the way.
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03:53
In the 1950s and 60s, the Chinese Communist Party introduced
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1950λ…„λŒ€μ™€ 60λ…„λŒ€μ— 쀑ꡭ 곡산당은
03:57
new simplified versions of the traditional characters,
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전톡 번체λ₯Ό λ‹¨μˆœν™”ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜•μ‹, κ°„μ²΄μžλ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•΄μ„œ
04:00
which are now standard in China,
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ν˜„μž¬ μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ ν‘œμ€€μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:02
though traditional characters remain in use in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
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홍콩과 λŒ€λ§Œμ—μ„œλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 번체λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
And while the Chinese character system may seem unique,
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ν•œμž 체계가 μ€‘κ΅­μ—λ§Œ κ³ μœ ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보일 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
04:08
its development greatly influenced the spoken languages
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κ·Έ λ°œμ „μ€ 이웃 κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ μŒμ„± 언어와 문자 체계에 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
and writing systems of its neighbors.
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04:13
For example, around 60% of Japanese dictionary entries are kanjiβ€”
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 일본어 사전 ν•­λͺ©μ˜ μ•½ 60%λŠ” ν•œμž μΌλ³Έμ–΄λ‘œ,
04:18
characters that originated in Chinese or were created from its elements.
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쀑ꡭ ν•œμžμ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν–ˆκ±°λ‚˜ 쀑ꡭ ν•œμžμ˜ μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό λΉŒλ €μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
With a 3,000 year history,
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3,000λ…„ 역사λ₯Ό μžλž‘ν•˜λŠ” ν•œμžλŠ”
04:24
Chinese characters have and will continue to leave their mark.
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κ·Έ 흔적을 남겨왔고 μ•žμœΌλ‘œλ„ 계속 자취λ₯Ό 남길 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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