The Romans flooded the Colosseum for sea battles - Janelle Peters

955,505 views ใƒป 2019-06-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
The cry of the crowd. The roar of a lion. The clash of metal.
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ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืฉืื’ืช ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช.
00:11
Starting in 80 CE these sounds rang through the stands of the Colosseum.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 80 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื“ื”ื“ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืื•ื.
00:17
On hundreds of days a year,
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
00:18
over 50,000 residents of Rome and visitors from across the Roman Empire
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช
00:23
would fill the stadiumsโ€™ four stories to see gladiators duel, animals fight,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
00:28
and chariots race around the arena.
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ื•ืžืจื•ืฆื™ ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื™ืจื”.
00:31
And for the grand finale, water poured into the arena basin,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืจืžื• ืœืชื•ืš ืื’ื ื”ื–ื™ืจื”,
00:35
submerging the stage for the greatest spectacle of all:
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ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœืžื•ืคืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื:
00:39
staged naval battles.
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ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:41
The Romansโ€™ epic, mock maritime encounters, called naumachiae,
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ื”ืืคื•ืก ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ืฉืžื“ืžื” ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืงืจื ื ืื•ืžืงื™ืื™ื™,
00:46
started during Julius Caesarโ€™s reign in the first century BC,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:50
over a hundred years before the Colosseum was built.
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ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืื•ื ื ื‘ื ื”.
00:53
They were held alongside other aquatic spectacles
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ื”ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:56
on natural and artificial bodies of water around Rome
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ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื•ืžื
01:00
up through Emperor Flavius Vespasian,
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ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืืกืคืกื™ืื ื•ืก ืคืœืื‘ื™ื•ืก,
01:02
who began building the Colosseum in 70 CE on the site of a former lake.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืื•ื ื‘ 70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื’ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
01:07
The Colosseum was intended to be a symbol of Romeโ€™s power in the ancient world,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง,
01:12
and what better way to display that power
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ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•
01:14
than a body of water that could drain and refill at the Emperorโ€™s command?
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ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืงื– ื•ืœื”ืชืžืœื ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ?
01:20
Vespasianโ€™s son Flavius Titus fulfilled his fatherโ€™s dream in 80 CE
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ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืกืคืกื™ืื ื•ืก, ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืคืœืื‘ื™ื•ืก, ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 80 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”
01:25
when he used war spoils to finish the Colosseumโ€“
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืื•ื --
01:29
or as it was known at the time, the Flavian Amphitheater.
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ืืžืคื™ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœืื‘ื™.
01:33
The grand opening was celebrated with 100 days of pageantry and gladiatorial games,
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ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื—ื’ื’ื” ื‘- 100 ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
01:39
setting the precedent for programming that included parades,
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื,
01:42
musical performances, public executions, and of course, gladiatorial combat.
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ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
01:48
Unlike the games in smaller amphitheaters funded by wealthy Romans,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืคื™ืชืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
01:52
these lavish displays of Imperial power were financed by the Emperor.
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ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžื•ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ.
01:57
Parades of exotic animals, theatrical performances,
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ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืชืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
02:00
and the awe-inspiring naumachiae were all designed
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืงื™ืื™ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื›ื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื•
02:03
to bolster faith in the god-like Emperor,
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ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืืœ,
02:06
who would be declared a god after his own death.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•.
02:09
Itโ€™s still a mystery how engineers flooded the arena to create this aquatic effect.
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ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื”ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ืžื™.
02:14
Some historians believe a giant aqueduct was diverted into the arena.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืžืช ืžื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื™ืจื”.
02:18
Others think the system of chambers and sluice gates used to drain the arena,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื– ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื”,
02:23
were also used to fill it.
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœืื”.
02:25
These chambers couldโ€™ve been filled with water prior to the event
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืข
02:28
and then opened to submerge the stage
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื”
02:30
under more than a million gallons of water, to create a depth of five feet.
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ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
02:35
But even with all that water,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:37
the Romans had to construct miniature boats with special flat bottoms
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ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชื—ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
02:41
that wouldnโ€™t scrape the Colosseum floor.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจื“ื• ืืช ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกื™ืื•ื.
02:44
These boats ranged from 7 to 15 meters long,
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ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 7 ืœ- 15 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:47
and were built to look like vessels from famous encounters.
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ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื.
02:51
During a battle, dozens of these ships would float around the arena,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฆืคื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื™ืจื”,
02:55
crewed by gladiators dressed as the opposing sides of the recreated battle.
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ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
03:00
These warriors would duel across ships;
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ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช;
03:02
boarding them, fighting, drowning, and incapacitating their foes
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื ืœื—ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
03:06
until only one faction was left standing.
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ืขื“ ืฉืจืง ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืžื“.
03:09
Fortunately, not every watery display told such a gruesome story.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืฆื’ ืžื™ืžื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ื™ืข.
03:14
In some of these floodings,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:15
a submerged stage allowed chariot drivers to glide across the water
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ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืฉืงื•ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื
03:19
as though they were Triton, making waves as he piloted his chariot on the sea.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื.
03:24
Animals walked on water, myths were re-enacted by condemned prisoners,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื,
03:29
and at night, nude synchronized swimmers would perform by torchlight.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ื™ื.
03:34
But the Colosseumโ€™s aquatic age didnโ€™t last forever.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื•ืื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฉืš ืœืขื“.
03:38
The naval battles proved so popular they were given their own nearby lake
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ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืื’ื ืกืžื•ืš ืžืฉืœื”ื
03:42
by Emperor Domitian in the early 90s CE.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:46
The larger lake proved even better for naumachiae,
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ื”ืื’ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืื•ืžืงื™ืื™ื™,
03:48
and the Colosseum soon gained a series of underground animal cages
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกื™ืื•ื ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื
03:52
and trap doors that didnโ€™t allow for further flooding.
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ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืกืชืจ ืฉืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
03:56
But for a brief time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
03:57
the Flavian Emperors controlled the tides of war and water
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืคืœืื‘ื™ืื ื™ ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื’ืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื
04:01
in a spectacular show of power.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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