Phenology and nature's shifting rhythms - Regina Brinker

98,499 views ใƒป 2013-01-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Mark Freehoff ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
Take a look outside a window.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ.
00:16
What is the season where you are?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืฆืœื›ื?
00:17
How do you know?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
00:19
Most likely, you looked at a tree or plant
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื ื‘ืขืฅ ืื• ื‘ืฆืžื—
00:22
and noticed details about its leaves
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ื•ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืขืœื™ื•
00:23
and assessed the qualities of sunlight streaming outside.
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ื•ื”ืืžื“ืชื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
00:27
Observing the timing of biological events
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ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
00:29
in relation to changes in season and climate
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืืงืœื™ื
00:32
is called "phenology".
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ื ืงืจื "ืคื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”".
00:34
When you notice the daffodil buds are poking through the snow
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื’
00:37
and think spring is on its way,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•,
00:39
you're using phenology.
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ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:41
When you see leaves turn from green to red,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื™ืจื•ืง ืœืื“ื•ื,
00:43
and watch migrating birds fly past,
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ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื•ืคืŸ,
00:46
and realize that summer is over, autumn is here,
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืฅ ื—ืœืฃ ืœื•, ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข,
00:49
you're using phenology.
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ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:51
Literally meaning, "the science of appearance",
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, "ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื”",
00:54
phenology comes from the Greek words
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ืคื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
00:56
"pheno," to show or appear,
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"ืคื ื•", ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข,
00:58
and "logos," to study.
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ื•- "ืœื•ื’ื•ืก", ืœืœืžื•ื“.
01:00
Humans have relied on phenology
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:02
since the time of hunters and gatherers.
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ืžืื– ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื.
01:04
We've watched changes in seasons
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ืื ื• ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช
01:06
to know when to plant and harvest food
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื•ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
01:08
and when to track migrating animals.
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ื•ืžืชื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
01:11
Scientists observe and document seasonal changes in nature
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
01:14
and look for patterns in the timing of seasonal events.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื.
01:18
Timing of these natural signs has remained consistent until recently.
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืืœื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
01:23
Increasing global temperature is causing rhythms of nature to shift.
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืงืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื•ืข ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื.
01:28
Bud burst, the day when a tree or plant's leaf or flower buds open,
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ื ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืื• ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื ืคืชื—ื™ื,
01:32
is occurring earlier in the year for some species.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื–ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื.
01:35
For every one degree Celsius rise in temperature,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก,
01:38
bud burst happens five days earlier than usual.
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ื”ื ืฆืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:42
Differences in timing affect not only plants,
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:45
but the insects and birds that depend on the plants for food.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ื ื.
01:49
For example, oak trees in the Arnhem Forest of the Netherlands
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืฆื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืืจื ื”ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“
01:52
now experience bud burst ten days earlier,
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ื—ื•ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืฆืช ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:55
as compared to twenty years ago.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื .
01:57
New oak leaves are a favorite food of winter moth caterpillars.
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ืขืœื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื—ืœ ืขืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
02:01
To survive, the caterpillars adapted
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ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•
02:03
to the change in the tree's timing,
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ืขืฅ,
02:05
and now hatch 15 days earlier than before.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื 15 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื“ื.
02:09
Migrating pied flycatcher birds, however,
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ื—ื˜ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืจืฃ ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื,
02:11
aren't doing as well.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
02:13
The birds prefer to feed their chicks winter moth caterpillars.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื—ืœื™ ืขืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
02:17
The caterpillars are now hatching earlier,
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ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:19
but the birds' chicks are not.
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ืืš ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงื•ืข.
02:21
This delay is costing the birds a food source.
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ืขื™ืงื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:24
The pied flycatcher population has decreased
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื—ื˜ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ืคื—ืชื”
02:27
by up to 90% in some areas as a result.
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ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-90% ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš.
02:30
Changes to a seemingly simple event,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžืจืื”,
02:32
leaves opening,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืชื—,
02:33
has ripple effects throughout a food web.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืื“ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:36
Earlier bloom times can also have an economic impact.
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ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
02:40
The famed cherry blossoms in Washington D.C.
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ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™.
02:42
are blooming five days earlier than before.
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ืคื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืงื•ื“ื.
02:45
Since the cherry trees are blooming earlier,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:48
the blossoms also fade earlier,
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ื”ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื’ื ืงืžืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:49
frustrating thousands of tourists who visit
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ืœืื›ื–ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื™ื
02:52
for the Cherry Blossom Festival.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืชืคืจื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:54
High school marching bands plan
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื
02:55
all year to attend the parade
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืฆืขื“
02:57
and perform, surrounded by a majestic white canopy.
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ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ, ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:00
How disappointing for them to find, well, trees
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื›ื–ื‘ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืฆื™ื
03:02
rather than the famous cherry blossoms!
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช!
03:06
Plants and animals react to changes in natural light and temperature.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
03:09
Increasing temperatures cause plants to bloom earlier than before,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื— ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืงื•ื“ื,
03:13
and become out of sync with the insects and birds in a food web.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:17
So, the next time you look out your window
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืฆืคื• ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
03:19
and notice what season it is,
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ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ื”,
03:21
you may be fooled by those blooming trees.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืขืชืขื• ื‘ื›ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื”ื.
03:23
Think of phenology,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:25
then think of how you can play a part to slow climate change.
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ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืื˜ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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