Mating frenzies, sperm hoards, and brood raids: The life of a fire ant queen - Walter R. Tschinkel

5,227,711 views

2020-01-16 ใƒป TED-Ed


New videos

Mating frenzies, sperm hoards, and brood raids: The life of a fire ant queen - Walter R. Tschinkel

5,227,711 views ใƒป 2020-01-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Itโ€™s June, just after a heavy rainfall,
0
7052
3520
ื™ื•ื ื™, ืžืžืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“,
00:10
and the sky is filling with creatures we wouldnโ€™t normally expect to find there.
1
10572
5792
ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืชืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื.
00:16
At first glance, this might be a disturbing sight.
2
16364
3080
ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“.
00:19
But for the lucky males and females of Solenopsis invicta,
3
19444
4481
ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืœื ื•ืคืกื™ืก ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื”,
00:23
otherwise known as fire ants, itโ€™s a day of romance.
4
23925
5152
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ื ืžืœื™ ืืฉ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:29
This is the nuptial flight,
5
29077
1930
ื–ื• ื˜ื™ืกืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช,
00:31
when thousands of reproduction-capable male and female ants,
6
31007
3918
ื›ืฉืืœืคื™ ื ืžืœื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:34
called alates, take wing for the first and last time.
7
34925
4567
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:39
But even for successful males who manage to avoid winged predators,
8
39492
4540
ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ืคื™ื,
00:44
this mating frenzy will prove lethal.
9
44032
3165
ื”ืชื”ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
00:47
And for a successfully mated female, her work is only beginning.
10
47197
5344
ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”.
00:52
Having secured a lifetime supply of sperm from her departed mate,
11
52541
4528
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืžืื’ืจ ื–ืจืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืช,
00:57
our new queen must now single-handedly start an entire colony.
12
57069
4978
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
01:02
Descending to the ground,
13
62047
1450
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
01:03
she searches for a suitable spot to build her nest.
14
63497
3177
ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืŸ ืฉืœื”.
01:06
Ideally, she can find somewhere with loose, easy-to-dig soilโ€”
15
66674
4194
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืื“ืžื” ืชื—ื•ื—ื” ืฉืงืœ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื” --
01:10
like farmland already disturbed by human activity.
16
70868
3748
ื›ืžื• ืื“ืžืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคืจืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:14
Once she finds the perfect spot, she breaks off her wingsโ€”
17
74616
4248
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื” --
01:18
creating the stubs that establish her royal status.
18
78864
4052
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื”.
01:22
Then, she starts digging a descending tunnel ending in a chamber.
19
82916
5040
ืื–, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืžื ื”ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชื.
01:27
Here the queen begins laying her eggs, about ten per day,
20
87956
4381
ืคื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื,
01:32
and the first larvae hatch within a week.
21
92337
3370
ื•ื”ื–ื—ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืข ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
01:35
Over the next three weeks,
22
95707
1533
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
01:37
the new queen relies on a separate batch of unfertilized eggs
23
97240
4500
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช
01:41
to nourish both herself and her brood,
24
101740
2757
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื”,
01:44
losing half her body weight in the process.
25
104497
3323
ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
01:47
Thankfully, after about 20 days,
26
107820
2440
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื™ืžื™ื,
01:50
these larvae grow into the first generation of workers,
27
110260
4030
ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช,
01:54
ready to forage for food and sustain their shrunken queen.
28
114290
4320
ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:58
Her daughters will have to work quickly thoughโ€”
29
118610
2397
ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง --
02:01
returning their mother to good health is urgent.
30
121007
3213
ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื”.
02:04
In the surrounding area,
31
124220
1560
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ,
02:05
dozens of neighboring queens are building their own ant armies.
32
125780
4871
ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:10
These colonies have peacefully coexisted so far,
33
130651
3450
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:14
but once workers appear,
34
134101
2104
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช,
02:16
a phenomenon known as brood-raiding begins.
35
136205
3870
ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”.
02:20
Workers from nests up to several meters away
36
140075
3194
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื
02:23
begin to steal offspring from our queen.
37
143269
2786
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:26
Our colony retaliates,
38
146055
1850
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื”,
02:27
but new waves of raiders from even further away
39
147905
3330
ืื‘ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:31
overwhelm the workers.
40
151235
2000
ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
02:33
Within hours, the raiders have taken our queenโ€™s entire brood supply
41
153235
4631
ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื’ืจื”
02:37
to the largest nearby nestโ€”
42
157866
2210
ืœืงืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ --
02:40
and the queenโ€™s surviving daughters abandon her.
43
160076
4069
ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื ื•ื˜ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
02:44
Chasing her last chance of survival,
44
164145
2265
ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
02:46
the queen follows the raiding trail to the winning nest.
45
166410
3745
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืœืงืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื—.
02:50
She fends off other losing queens and the defending nestโ€™s workers,
46
170155
4637
ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืคืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ,
02:54
fighting her way to the top of the brood pile.
47
174792
3221
ื ืœื—ืžืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืจืืฉ ืขืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื’ืจื”.
02:58
Her daughters help their mother succeed where other queens failโ€”
48
178013
3859
ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืฉืœื• --
03:01
defeating the reigning monarch, and usurping the brood pile.
49
181872
4100
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืืจื›ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื’ืจื”.
03:05
Eventually, all the remaining challengers fail,
50
185972
2658
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื,
03:08
until only one queenโ€” and one brood pileโ€” remains.
51
188630
4632
ืขื“ ืฉืจืง ืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืช -- ื•ืขืจืžืช ืžื“ื’ืจื” ืื—ืช -- ื ืฉืืจื™ื.
03:13
Now presiding over several hundred workers in the neighborhoodโ€™s largest nest,
52
193262
5204
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
03:18
our victorious queen begins aiding her colony in its primary goal:
53
198466
4817
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”:
03:23
reproduction.
54
203283
1480
ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:24
For the next several years, the colony only produces sterile workers.
55
204763
5243
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืจื‘ื” ืจืง ืขื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ืช.
03:30
But once their population exceeds about 23,000,
56
210006
3990
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื” 23,000,
03:33
it changes course.
57
213996
1679
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:35
From now on, every spring,
58
215675
2047
ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘,
03:37
the colony will produce fertile alate males and females.
59
217722
3970
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื.
03:41
The colony spawns these larger ants throughout the early summer,
60
221692
4183
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ,
03:45
and returns to worker production in the fall.
61
225875
3091
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ื•.
03:48
After heavy rainfalls, these alates take to the skies,
62
228966
3826
ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื”ืืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื,
03:52
and spread their queenโ€™s genes up to a couple hundred meters downwind.
63
232792
4990
ื•ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืžืจื—ืง ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:57
But to contribute to this annual mating frenzy,
64
237782
3340
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ืชื”ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
04:01
the colony must continue to thrive as one massive super-organism.
65
241122
4914
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ื“.
04:06
Every day, younger ants feed the queen and tend to the brood,
66
246036
4090
ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื ืžืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื’ืจื”,
04:10
while older workers forage for food and defend the nest.
67
250126
4185
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ.
04:14
When intruders strike,
68
254311
1594
ื›ืฉืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื,
04:15
these older warriors fend them off using poisonous venom.
69
255905
4182
ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžื’ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืจืก.
04:20
After rainfalls, the colony comes together,
70
260087
2572
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืื—ื“ืช,
04:22
using the wet dirt to expand their nest.
71
262659
3408
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืคืจ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืŸ.
04:26
And when a disastrous flood drowns their home,
72
266067
2820
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฆืคื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื,
04:28
the sisters band together into a massive living raftโ€”
73
268887
4070
ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืคืกื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช --
04:32
carrying their queen to safety.
74
272957
2665
ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
04:35
But no matter how resilient,
75
275622
1625
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
04:37
the life of a colony must come to an end.
76
277247
2987
ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ.
04:40
After about 8 years, our queen runs out of sperm
77
280234
3351
ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 8 ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื–ืจืข
04:43
and can no longer replace dying workers.
78
283585
3401
ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช.
04:46
The nestโ€™s population dwindles, and eventually,
79
286986
2640
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืงืŸ ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœืช, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
04:49
theyโ€™re taken over by a neighboring colony.
80
289626
2770
ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:52
Our queenโ€™s reign is over, but her genetic legacy lives on.
81
292396
4640
ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7