Why is it so hard to cure ALS? - Fernando G. Vieira

431,320 views ใƒป 2018-05-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
In 1963, a 21-year-old physicist named Stephen Hawking
0
7138
4553
ื‘ 1961, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืŸ 21 ื‘ืฉื ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’
00:11
was diagnosed with a rare neuromuscular disorder
1
11691
3178
ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื”
00:14
called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS.
2
14869
4720
ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืกืงืœืจื•ื–ื” ืืžื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช, ืื• ALS.
00:19
Gradually, he lost the ability to walk,
3
19589
2429
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœื›ืช,
00:22
use his hands,
4
22018
1310
ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•,
00:23
move his face,
5
23328
1409
ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืคื ื™ื•,
00:24
and even swallow.
6
24737
2023
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืข.
00:26
But throughout it all, he retained his incredible intellect,
7
26760
3096
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•,
00:29
and in the more than 50 years that followed,
8
29856
2411
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:32
Hawking became one of historyโ€™s most accomplished and famous physicists.
9
32267
4562
ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
00:36
However, his condition went uncured
10
36829
2629
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืจื™ืคื•ื™
00:39
and he passed away in 2018 at the age of 76.
11
39458
4821
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ 2018 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 76.
00:44
Decades after his diagnosis,
12
44279
1770
ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ,
00:46
ALS still ranks as one of the most complex,
13
46049
3029
ALS ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
00:49
mysterious,
14
49078
1201
ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
00:50
and devastating diseases to affect humankind.
15
50279
3639
ื•ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:53
Also called motor neuron disease and Lou Gehrigโ€™s Disease,
16
53918
3950
ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืื• ืžื—ืœืช ืœื• ื’ืจื™ื’,
00:57
ALS affects about two out of every 100,000 people worldwide.
17
57868
5572
ALS ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ 100,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:03
When a person has ALS,
18
63440
2010
ื›ืฉืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ALS.
01:05
their motor neurons,
19
65450
1319
ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:06
the cells responsible for all voluntary muscle control in the body,
20
66769
4249
ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:11
lose function and die.
21
71018
2032
ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžืชื™ื.
01:13
No one knows exactly why or how these cells die
22
73050
3645
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื” ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื™ื
01:16
and thatโ€™s part of what makes ALS so hard to treat.
23
76695
3665
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ALS ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
01:20
In about 90% of cases,
24
80360
2076
ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš 90% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
01:22
the disease arises suddenly, with no apparent cause.
25
82436
4084
ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืคืชืื•ื ืœืœื ื’ื•ืจื ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
01:26
The remaining 10% of cases are hereditary,
26
86520
2858
ื‘ืฉืืจ 10% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื–ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™,
01:29
where a mother or father with ALS passes on a mutated gene to their child.
27
89378
5531
ืฉื ืื ืื• ืื‘ ืขื ALS ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:34
The symptoms typically first appear after age 40.
28
94909
3686
ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ 40.
01:38
But in some rare cases, like Hawkingโ€™s, ALS starts earlier in life.
29
98595
5031
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’, ื” ALS ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:43
Hawkingโ€™s case was also a medical marvel because of how long he lived with ALS.
30
103626
5999
ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืคืœื ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืขื ALS.
01:49
After diagnosis, most people with the disease live between 2 to 5 years
31
109625
5569
ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืœ 5 ืฉื ื™ื
01:55
before ALS leads to respiratory problems that usually cause death.
32
115194
4907
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื” ALS ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:00
What wasnโ€™t unusual in Hawkingโ€™s case was that his ability to learn,
33
120101
4014
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“,
02:04
think,
34
124115
840
02:04
and perceive with his senses remained intact.
35
124955
3121
ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
ื•ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืขื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื ื ืคื’ืขื•.
02:08
Most people with ALS do not experience impaired cognition.
36
128076
4329
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ALS ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
02:12
With so much at stake for the 120,000 people
37
132405
3600
ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ 120,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
02:16
who are diagnosed with ALS annually,
38
136005
2391
ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืขื ALS ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
02:18
curing the disease has become one of our most important scientific
39
138396
3640
ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
02:22
and medical challenges.
40
142036
1840
ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:23
Despite the many unknowns,
41
143876
1840
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
02:25
we do have some insight into how ALS impacts the neuromuscular system.
42
145716
5320
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืื™ืš ALS ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ืช.
02:31
ALS affects two types of nerve cells called the upper and lower motor neurons.
43
151036
5049
ALS ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื.
02:36
In a healthy body, the upper motor neurons,
44
156085
2939
ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
02:39
which sit in the brainโ€™s cortex,
45
159024
1899
ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
02:40
transmit messages from the brain to the lower motor neurons,
46
160923
3541
ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื,
02:44
situated in the spinal cord.
47
164464
1971
ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
02:46
Those neurons then transmit the message into muscle fibers,
48
166435
3440
ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืื– ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
02:49
which contract or relax in response,
49
169875
2961
ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
02:52
resulting in motion.
50
172836
1942
ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:54
Every voluntary move we make occurs
51
174778
2457
ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
02:57
because of messages transmitted along this pathway.
52
177235
3501
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืกืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:00
But when motor neurons degenerate in ALS,
53
180736
3261
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจื™ื ื‘ ALS,
03:03
their ability to transfer messages is disrupted,
54
183997
2979
ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจืขืช,
03:06
and that vital signaling system is thrown into chaos.
55
186976
3801
ื•ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืก.
03:10
Without their regular cues, the muscles waste away.
56
190777
3369
ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจื™ื.
03:14
Precisely what makes the motor neurons degenerate
57
194146
2927
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืชื ื•ื•ืŸ
03:17
is the prevailing mystery of ALS.
58
197073
2888
ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ALS.
03:19
In hereditary cases, parents pass genetic mutations on to their children.
59
199961
4568
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:24
Even then, ALS involves multiple genes
60
204529
3232
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ALS ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ื’ื ื™ื
03:27
with multiple possible impacts on motor neurons,
61
207761
3371
ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
03:31
making the precise triggers hard to pinpoint.
62
211132
2989
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืœืงืฉื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
03:34
When ALS arises sporadically, the list of possible causes grows:
63
214121
4711
ื›ืฉ ALS ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ, ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื”:
03:38
toxins,
64
218832
808
ืจืขืœื ื™ื,
03:39
viruses,
65
219640
832
ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
03:40
lifestyle,
66
220472
801
ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:41
or other environmental factors may all play roles.
67
221273
3918
ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“.
03:45
And because there are so many elements involved,
68
225191
2349
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:47
thereโ€™s currently no single test that can determine whether someone has ALS.
69
227540
5859
ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืื—ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ALS.
03:53
Nevertheless, our hypotheses on the causes are developing.
70
233399
4081
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
03:57
One prevailing idea is that certain proteins inside the motor neurons
71
237480
4292
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
04:01
arenโ€™t folding correctly,
72
241772
1869
ืœื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:03
and are instead forming clumps.
73
243641
2089
ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื•ืฉื™ื.
04:05
The misfolded proteins and clumps may spread from cell to cell.
74
245730
4761
ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืงื•ืคืœื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืชื ืœืชื.
04:10
This could be clogging up normal cellular processes,
75
250491
2980
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื,
04:13
like energy and protein production, which keep cells alive.
76
253471
4080
ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:17
Weโ€™ve also learned that along with motor neurons and muscle fibers,
77
257551
3740
ืœืžื“ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
04:21
ALS could involve other cell types.
78
261291
3059
ALS ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:24
ALS patients typically have inflammation in their brains and spinal cords.
79
264350
4811
ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ALS ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
04:29
Defective immune cells may also play a role in killing motor neurons.
80
269161
5119
ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื’ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื’ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
04:34
And ALS seems to change the behavior of specific cells
81
274280
4072
ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉ ALS ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:38
that provide support for neurons.
82
278352
2679
ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:41
These factors highlight the diseaseโ€™s complexity,
83
281031
2892
ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
04:43
but they may also give us a fuller understanding of how it works,
84
283923
4038
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
04:47
opening up new avenues for treatment.
85
287961
2169
ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
04:50
And while that may be gradual, weโ€™re making progress all the time.
86
290130
4012
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:54
Weโ€™re currently developing new drugs,
87
294142
2138
ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
04:56
new stem cell therapies to repair damaged cells,
88
296280
2951
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื,
04:59
and new gene therapies to slow the advancement of the disease.
89
299231
4360
ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
05:03
With our growing arsenal of knowledge,
90
303591
2450
ืขื ื”ืืจืกื ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข,
05:06
we look forward to discoveries that can change the future
91
306041
2961
ืื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
05:09
for people living with ALS.
92
309002
2009
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ALS.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7