Why is it so hard to cure ALS? - Fernando G. Vieira

446,415 views ・ 2018-05-31

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Kim Peterson κ²€ν† : InHyuk Song
00:07
In 1963, a 21-year-old physicist named Stephen Hawking
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1963λ…„,
μŠ€ν‹°λΈ ν˜Έν‚Ήμ΄λΌλŠ” 21μ„Έμ˜ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžκ°€
00:11
was diagnosed with a rare neuromuscular disorder
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ν”μΉ˜ μ•Šμ€ μ‹ κ²½κ·Όμ„± μ§ˆν™˜ 진단을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS.
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병λͺ…은 κ·Όμœ„μΆ•μ„±μΈ‘μƒ‰κ²½ν™”μ¦, μ§§κ²ŒλŠ” ALSμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Gradually, he lost the ability to walk,
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점차 κ·ΈλŠ” κ±·λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒμ–΄κ°”κ³ 
00:22
use his hands,
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손을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
00:23
move his face,
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μ•ˆλ©΄ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μ›€μ§μ΄κ±°λ‚˜
00:24
and even swallow.
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μ‚Όν‚€λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯λ§ˆμ € μžƒμ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
But throughout it all, he retained his incredible intellect,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  κ°€μš΄λ° κ·ΈλŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ 지성을 μœ μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
and in the more than 50 years that followed,
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κ·Έ ν›„ 50λ…„ 이상
00:32
Hawking became one of history’s most accomplished and famous physicists.
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ν˜Έν‚Ήμ€ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ λ›°μ–΄λ‚˜κ³ λ„ 유λͺ…ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μž 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
However, his condition went uncured
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그의 μ§ˆν™˜μ€ μΉ˜λ£Œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³ 
00:39
and he passed away in 2018 at the age of 76.
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2018λ…„, κ·ΈλŠ” 76μ„Έμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄λ‘œ 세상을 λ– λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Decades after his diagnosis,
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ν˜Έν‚Ήμ΄ 진단 받은 ν›„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 수 μ‹­ 년이 μ§€λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆ,
00:46
ALS still ranks as one of the most complex,
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ALSλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 인λ₯˜μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³ 
00:49
mysterious,
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μ•Œ 수 μ—†μœΌλ©°
00:50
and devastating diseases to affect humankind.
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μ§€λ…ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ κΌ½νž™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
Also called motor neuron disease and Lou Gehrig’s Disease,
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μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ§ˆν™˜ λ˜λŠ” 루게릭 λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆλ¦¬κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”
00:57
ALS affects about two out of every 100,000 people worldwide.
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ALSλŠ” μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ
μ‹­ 만 λͺ… λ‹Ή 두 λͺ…κΌ΄λ‘œ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
When a person has ALS,
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ALSκ°€ λ°œλ³‘ν•˜λ©΄
01:05
their motor neurons,
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μš΄λ™ λ‰΄λŸ°,
01:06
the cells responsible for all voluntary muscle control in the body,
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즉, λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ‹μ μΈ 근윑 μš΄λ™μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 세포듀이
01:11
lose function and die.
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κΈ°λŠ₯을 μžƒκ³  μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
No one knows exactly why or how these cells die
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μ™œ, 그리고 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 세포듀이 μ£½λŠ”μ§€λŠ”
아무도 μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
and that’s part of what makes ALS so hard to treat.
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이 뢈λͺ…ν™•μ„± λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ALS μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
In about 90% of cases,
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μ•½ 90%의 경우
01:22
the disease arises suddenly, with no apparent cause.
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이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ€ λšœλ ·ν•œ 원인없이 κ°‘μžκΈ° λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
The remaining 10% of cases are hereditary,
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남은 10%의 κ²½μš°λŠ” μœ μ „μ  μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ,
01:29
where a mother or father with ALS passes on a mutated gene to their child.
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λΆ€λͺ¨ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…이 ALSλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄
λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μžμ‹μ—κ²Œ λ¬Όλ €μ£ΌλŠ” κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
The symptoms typically first appear after age 40.
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이 μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 증상은 보톡 40μ„Έ 이후 처음 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
But in some rare cases, like Hawking’s, ALS starts earlier in life.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ“œλ¬Όκ²ŒλŠ” ν˜Έν‚Ήκ³Ό 같이, ALSκ°€ 그보닀 μ Šμ€ λ‚˜μ΄μ— μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Hawking’s case was also a medical marvel because of how long he lived with ALS.
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λ˜ν•œ ν˜Έν‚Ήμ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” ALS을 κ°€μ§„ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œλ„
μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 였래 μ‚΄μ•˜λŠ”μ§€κ°€ 의료적 λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬μ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
After diagnosis, most people with the disease live between 2 to 5 years
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν™˜μžλŠ” 진단 ν›„
2λ…„μ—μ„œ 5λ…„ 이내 μ‚¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
before ALS leads to respiratory problems that usually cause death.
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κ·Έ ν›„μ—” ALSκ°€ 기관지에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 일으켜
보톡 μ‚¬λ§μ˜ 원인이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
What wasn’t unusual in Hawking’s case was that his ability to learn,
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ν˜Έν‚Ήμ˜ κ²½μš°κ°€ νŠΉμ΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 점은
그의 ν•™μŠ΅ λŠ₯λ ₯,
사고 λŠ₯λ ₯,
02:04
think,
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02:04
and perceive with his senses remained intact.
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감각을 톡해 지각 ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯이 μœ μ§€λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
Most people with ALS do not experience impaired cognition.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ALS ν™˜μžμ˜ 경우 인식λŠ₯λ ₯ 손상을 κ²ͺμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
With so much at stake for the 120,000 people
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이 λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ 인해 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ μžƒμ„ 게 λ§Žμ„ 12만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
02:16
who are diagnosed with ALS annually,
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λ§€λ…„ μƒˆλ‘œμ΄ ALS둜 진단을 받기에
02:18
curing the disease has become one of our most important scientific
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ°ΎλŠ” 것은 과학적, μ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ
02:22
and medical challenges.
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과제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Despite the many unknowns,
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λ§Žμ€ 것을 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” μƒνƒœμ—λ„, μ–΄λŠμ •λ„ μ΄ν•΄λœ 뢀뢄은
02:25
we do have some insight into how ALS impacts the neuromuscular system.
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ALSκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹ κ²½κ·Ό 체계λ₯Ό κ°•νƒ€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
ALS affects two types of nerve cells called the upper and lower motor neurons.
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ALSλŠ” 두 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 신경세포인
μƒμœ„μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°κ³Ό ν•˜μœ„μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ νƒ€κ²©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
In a healthy body, the upper motor neurons,
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 경우, μƒμœ„μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄
02:39
which sit in the brain’s cortex,
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λŒ€λ‡Œ ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ‘λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό
02:40
transmit messages from the brain to the lower motor neurons,
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ν•˜μœ„μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ μ²™μˆ˜κΉŒμ§€ λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
situated in the spinal cord.
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02:46
Those neurons then transmit the message into muscle fibers,
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이 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ€ 이 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 근윑 μ„¬μœ λ‘œ 내보내고
02:49
which contract or relax in response,
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그에 따라 근윑이 μˆ˜μΆ•, μ΄μ™„ν•˜μ—¬
02:52
resulting in motion.
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μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Every voluntary move we make occurs
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄λ‚΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ‹μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„μ€
02:57
because of messages transmitted along this pathway.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λœ μ‹ ν˜Έμ— μ˜ν•΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
But when motor neurons degenerate in ALS,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ ALS둜 인해 ν‡΄ν™”ν•˜λ©΄
03:03
their ability to transfer messages is disrupted,
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이 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯이 ν˜Όλž€μ„ 일으켜
03:06
and that vital signaling system is thrown into chaos.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έ 체계가 λ¬΄μ§ˆμ„œμ— λΉ μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Without their regular cues, the muscles waste away.
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κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ μ‹ ν˜Έ μ—†μ΄λŠ” κ·Όμœ‘μ€ ν›„ν‡΄ν•΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
Precisely what makes the motor neurons degenerate
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μ •ν™•νžˆ 무엇 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ ν‡΄ν™”ν•˜λŠ”κ°€λŠ”
03:17
is the prevailing mystery of ALS.
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ALS의 κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ―ΈμŠ€ν„°λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
In hereditary cases, parents pass genetic mutations on to their children.
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μœ μ „μ„±μ˜ 경우,
λΆ€λͺ¨λŠ” μžμ‹μ—κ²Œ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ¬Όλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
Even then, ALS involves multiple genes
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이런 κ²½μš°μ—λ„
ALSλŠ” λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μœ μ „μžμ— κ΄€μ—¬λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:27
with multiple possible impacts on motor neurons,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ 곡격할 수 μžˆμ–΄
03:31
making the precise triggers hard to pinpoint.
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μ •ν™•ν•œ λ°œλ³‘ 계기λ₯Ό κΌ¬μ§‘μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
When ALS arises sporadically, the list of possible causes grows:
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μœ μ „μ„± 없이 λ°œλ³‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œμ—λŠ”
μ˜μ‹¬λ˜λŠ” μ›μΈμ˜ μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ 더 λ‹€μ–‘ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€,
03:38
toxins,
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03:39
viruses,
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독성 물질,
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€,
03:40
lifestyle,
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μƒν™œ μŠ΅κ΄€,
03:41
or other environmental factors may all play roles.
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λ˜λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ  μš”μΈλ„ μ›μΈμ˜ 일뢀일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
And because there are so many elements involved,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μš”μ†Œκ°€ μ–½ν˜€μžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:47
there’s currently no single test that can determine whether someone has ALS.
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ν˜„μž¬λ‘œμ„œλŠ” 단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ²€μ‚¬λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ
ALS μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Nevertheless, our hypotheses on the causes are developing.
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 원인에 λŒ€ν•œ 가섀은 λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
One prevailing idea is that certain proteins inside the motor neurons
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ν•œ 섀득λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” 가섀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ λ°œλ³‘μ˜ 원인은
μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ° λ‚΄ νŠΉμ • λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ€λŸ¬μ§€μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
04:01
aren’t folding correctly,
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04:03
and are instead forming clumps.
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λŒ€μ‹  덩어리가 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
The misfolded proteins and clumps may spread from cell to cell.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 잘λͺ» μ ‘νžŒ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό λ©μ–΄λ¦¬λŠ”
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ 퍼져갈 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:10
This could be clogging up normal cellular processes,
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이것이 정상적인 세포 μž‘μš©μ„ 막아
04:13
like energy and protein production, which keep cells alive.
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세포 μƒμ‘΄μ˜ μ›μ²œμ΄ λ˜λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ 생산이 λ°©ν•΄λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
We’ve also learned that along with motor neurons and muscle fibers,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ κ°€μ§€λŠ”
ALSκ°€ μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°κ³Ό 근윑 μ„¬μœ λΏ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:21
ALS could involve other cell types.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 세포에도 관여될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
ALS patients typically have inflammation in their brains and spinal cords.
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ALS ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ μ „ν˜•μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‡Œμ™€ 척좔에 염증이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
Defective immune cells may also play a role in killing motor neurons.
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μ΄λŠ” 결함 μžˆλŠ” λ©΄μ—­ 세포가 μš΄λ™λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” 것일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
And ALS seems to change the behavior of specific cells
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λ˜ν•œ ALSλŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ˜ 생λͺ…쀄이 λ˜λŠ”
νŠΉμ • μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ 행동을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
that provide support for neurons.
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04:41
These factors highlight the disease’s complexity,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€ ALSκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œμ§€λ₯Ό 잘 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
but they may also give us a fuller understanding of how it works,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ 톡해
ALSκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
04:47
opening up new avenues for treatment.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 치료 κ°€λŠ₯성이 열릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
And while that may be gradual, we’re making progress all the time.
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μ†λ„λŠ” λŠλ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ
μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œ λ°œμ§μ‹ 계속 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
We’re currently developing new drugs,
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ν˜„μž¬ 신약이 κ°œλ°œμ€‘μ— 있고
04:56
new stem cell therapies to repair damaged cells,
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μ†μƒλœ 세포λ₯Ό μž¬μƒν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쀄기 세포 μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€
04:59
and new gene therapies to slow the advancement of the disease.
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λ³‘μ˜ 진행을 μ§€μ—°μ‹œν‚¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ 연ꡬ쀑에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
With our growing arsenal of knowledge,
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ALS에 λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ‹μ˜ 무기고가 ν™•μž₯함에 따라
05:06
we look forward to discoveries that can change the future
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•žμœΌλ‘œμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬λ“€λ‘œ
ALS ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ 미래λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 수 있게 되기λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
for people living with ALS.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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