A day in the life of a Roman soldier - Robert Garland

11,178,006 views ใƒป 2018-03-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:06
The year is 15 CE and the Roman Empire is prospering.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 15 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช.
00:12
Most of the credit will go to the emperor,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื™ืกืจ,
00:14
but this success wouldnโ€™t have been possible
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
00:16
without loyal soldiers like Servius Felix.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ืคืœื™ืงืก.
00:20
Servius enlisted as a legionary eight years ago at age 18,
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ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18,
00:24
the son of a poor farmer with few prospects.
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ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจ ืขื ื™ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:29
Unlike the majority of legionaries, he doesnโ€™t gamble,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื”ืžืจ,
00:32
so heโ€™s been able to save most of his wages.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•.
00:34
Heโ€™s even kept his viaticum,
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื™ืื˜ื™ืงื•ื,
00:36
the three gold coins he received when he enlisted.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก.
00:40
If he survives until retirement, heโ€™ll receive several acres of land.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ืขื“ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”.
00:45
And heโ€™s grown rather fond of a girl back home
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
00:48
whom he intends to marry.
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ืื™ืชื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื.
00:50
But heโ€™ll have to wait until he completes his 25 years of service
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ื ืืช 25 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•
00:53
before that can happen.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
00:55
And the life of a legionary is dangerous and grueling.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื.
00:59
Today, Serviusโ€™s legion, along with three others,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:02
has undertaken a โ€œgreat marchโ€ of 30,000 Roman paces,
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ื™ืฆื ืœ"ืžืกืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ืฉืœ 30,000 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื,
01:07
the equivalent of nearly 36 kilometers.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื›ืžืขื˜ 36 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
01:11
Serviusโ€™s armor and weapons,
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ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก,
01:13
including his gladius,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ืœื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื•,
01:14
scutum,
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ืกืงื•ื˜ื•ื,
01:15
and two pila,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืœื”,
01:16
weigh over 20 kilograms.
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ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ืงื™ืœื•.
01:19
And thatโ€™s not counting his backpack, or sarcina,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืœ ืฉืœื• ืื• ืกืจืงื™ื ื”,
01:22
which contains food and all the tools he needs to help build the camp โ€“
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” --
01:27
spade,
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01:27
saw,
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ืืช,
ืžืกื•ืจ,
01:28
pickaxe,
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ืžื›ื•ืฉ,
01:29
and basket.
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ื•ืกืœ.
01:31
Although Servius is exhausted, he wonโ€™t sleep much tonight.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ืžื•ืชืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
01:35
Heโ€™s been assigned the first watch,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:36
which means looking after the baggage animals
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื
01:39
and keeping alert against a possible ambush.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ ืœืžืืจื‘ ืืคืฉืจื™.
01:42
After heโ€™s done, he lies awake, dreading the day ahead,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืจ, ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื,
01:46
which will force him to recall his worst nightmare.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•.
01:50
At dawn, Servius eats breakfast with his seven tent companions.
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ืขื ืฉื—ืจ, ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืื•ื”ืœ.
01:54
Theyโ€™re like a family, all bearing scars from the battles theyโ€™ve fought together.
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฆืœืงื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื™ื—ื“.
01:58
Servius is from Italia,
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ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
02:00
but his fellow soldiers hail from all over the empire,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”,
02:03
which stretches from Syria to Spain.
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ืฉื ืžืชื—ืช ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ืกืคืจื“.
02:07
So theyโ€™re all far from home in the northern land of Germania.
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
02:11
Serviusโ€™s legion and three others with him today
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ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื
02:14
are under the command of Emperor Tiberiusโ€™s nephew Germanicus,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืก ื’ืจืžื ื™ืงื•ืก,
02:18
named for his fatherโ€™s military successes against the Germanic tribes.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื.
02:23
Each legion has close to 5,000 men,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 5,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:25
divided into cohorts of about 500,
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ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 500,
02:28
further subdivided into centuries of around 80-100 men.
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ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 80-100 ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:33
Each century is commanded by a centurion.
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ื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื ืžืฆืืช ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
02:36
An aquilifer, or eagle-bearer, marches at the head of each legion
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ืืงื•ื™ืœื™ืคืจ, ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ื˜, ืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ
02:41
carrying its eagle standard.
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ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื˜.
02:43
The centurions march beside the legionaries belting out orders,
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ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืื’ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:47
โ€œDex, sin, dex, sin,"
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"ื“ืงืก, ืกื™ืŸ, ื“ืงืก, ืกื™ืŸ,"
02:49
โ€œRight, left, right, left,"
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"ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืืœ, ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืืœ,"
02:52
starting with the right foot as the left is considered unlucky or sinister.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืจื’ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื‘ื™ืืช ืžื–ืœ ืจืข.
02:57
Despite the strict discipline, thereโ€™s tension in the air.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืชื— ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:00
Last year, some legions in the area revolted,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื›ืžื” ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืจื“ื•,
03:03
demanding better pay and a cut in the length of service.
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ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืจื•ืช.
03:07
Only their generalโ€™s charisma and negotiating skills
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ืจืง ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
03:09
prevented wholesale mutiny.
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ืžื ืขื• ืžืจื“ ืžืœื.
03:12
Today is a โ€œjust march,โ€ only 30 kilometers.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” "ืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“," ืจืง 30 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
03:16
As the marshes and forests of Germania lie beyond the empireโ€™s road system
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”
03:20
the men must build causeways and bridges to make headwayโ€”
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื --
03:25
something theyโ€™ve recently spent more time doing than fighting.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœื”ืœื—ื.
03:28
Finally, they arrive at their destination, a place Servius knows too well.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ืžื›ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:33
Itโ€™s a clearing on the outskirts of the Teutoburg Forest,
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ื–ื• ืงืจื—ืช ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืคืืชื™ ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื’,
03:37
where six years ago, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus,
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ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก,
03:40
Germanic tribes under their chieftain Arminius
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ืืจืžื™ื ื™ื•ืก
03:44
ambushed and destroyed three legions.
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืžืืจื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:47
Proceeding along a narrow path,
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื,
03:49
the legions were attacked from forest cover under torrential rain
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ื”ืœื™ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ืžืžื—ืกื” ื”ื™ืขืจ ืชื—ืช ื’ืฉื ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ
03:53
with their escape blocked.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื ื ื—ืกืžืช.
03:55
It was one of the worst defeats the Romans ever suffered
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืกื‘ืœื•
03:59
and Augustus never lived it down.
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ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:03
Servius was one of the few survivors.
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ืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
04:06
Servius still has nightmares of his comrades lying where they fell.
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ืœืกืจื‘ื™ื•ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืคืœื•.
04:11
But now the army is back to bury the dead with full military honors.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฆื‘ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืขื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืœื.
04:16
As he helps in the task,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
04:18
he canโ€™t help wondering whether the bones he handles belonged to someone he knew.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ.
04:23
Several times he wants to weep aloud, but he pushes on with the task.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
04:28
The glory of the Empire can go to the crows.
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ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:31
All he craves is to retire on a small farm with his wife-to-be,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื–ื” ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“,
04:35
if the gods should spare his life for 17 more years.
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ืื ื”ืืœื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืกื• ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื“ 17 ืฉื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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