What is dust made of? - Michael Marder

1,076,877 views ใƒป 2018-05-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Meet Dermatophagoides farinae.
0
6544
3165
ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืคื’ื•ื™ื“ื” ืคืจื™ื ืื”.
00:09
Crawling around on eight legs,
1
9709
1833
ื–ื•ื—ืœืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
00:11
this creature has no eyes to appreciate the kaleidoscope of colors around her.
2
11542
5391
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:16
She relies on her extraordinary sense of smell
3
16933
2958
ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื”
00:19
to lead her to food and safe places to lay eggs.
4
19891
4051
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”.
00:23
And sheโ€™s smaller than a pinhead.
5
23942
3061
ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ ืกื™ื›ื”.
00:27
Dermatophagoides farinae is a dust mite.
6
27003
3339
ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืคื’ื•ื™ื“ื” ืคืจื™ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื“ื™ืช ืื‘ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
00:30
Less than a tenth the size of an ant,
7
30342
2351
ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื ืžืœื”,
00:32
a dust miteโ€™s whole world is contained in the dusty film under a bed
8
32693
4941
ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื“ื™ืช ืื‘ืง ืžื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืงื” ืžืื•ื‘ืงืช ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื˜ื”
00:37
or in a forgotten corner.
9
37634
2348
ืื• ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื ืฉื›ื—ืช.
00:39
This realm is right under our noses, but from our perspective,
10
39982
3371
ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:43
the tiny specks of brilliant color blend together into a nondescript grey.
11
43353
6498
ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ.
00:49
What are these colorful microscopic particles?
12
49851
3413
ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
00:53
What distinguishes the dust in your house from, say, sand on a beach
13
53264
4278
ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื›ื, ืžื ื’ื™ื“, ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื
00:57
is that it is a mixture of many different ingredients.
14
57542
3841
ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:01
It can contain grains of sand,
15
61383
1709
ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ,
01:03
dead skin cells,
16
63092
1208
ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื™ื,
01:04
tiny hairs and threads,
17
64300
1792
ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:06
animal dander,
18
66092
1271
ืงืฉืงืฉื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:07
pollen,
19
67363
911
ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
01:08
manmade pollutants,
20
68274
1438
ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
01:09
minerals from outer space,
21
69712
2100
ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
01:11
and, of course, dust mites.
22
71812
2901
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืง.
01:14
Dust mites eat animal dander,
23
74713
1750
ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืง ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืงืฉืงืฉื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:16
human skin,
24
76463
1071
ืขื•ืจ ืื“ื,
01:17
and some fungi.
25
77534
1880
ื•ื›ืžื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:19
We shed dead skin cells constantly,
26
79414
2459
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:21
and wherever we live, they mix into the household dust.
27
81873
3638
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืชื™.
01:25
The same goes for our pets:
28
85511
1760
ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•:
01:27
their dander and hairs enter the mix,
29
87271
2921
ื”ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื”,
01:30
as do tiny pieces of thread and cotton fibers from our clothes.
30
90192
4300
ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืžื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:34
These components make every householdโ€™s dust
31
94492
3551
ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืชื™
01:38
a unique blend of bits from its particular inhabitants.
32
98043
4209
ืœืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:42
Household dust also contains substances that blow in from the wider world.
33
102252
4780
ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
01:47
Depending on the local geology,
34
107032
2130
ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
01:49
finely ground quartz, coal, or volcanic ash
35
109162
3939
ืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืคื—ื, ืื• ืืคืจ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™
01:53
might enter the air as atmospheric dust,
36
113101
3190
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื›ืื‘ืง ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
01:56
along with pollen and fungal spores.
37
116291
3071
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:59
Industrial activities also contribute cement powder,
38
119362
3781
ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื‘ืง ืžืœื˜,
02:03
particles from car tires,
39
123143
1540
ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:04
and other chemicals to the airborne mix.
40
124683
3229
ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ.
02:07
The combination of these elements can be as unique as a fingerprint.
41
127912
3866
ื”ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืžื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข.
02:11
In Spain, where the land is rich in carbonate materials,
42
131778
3835
ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืฉื ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืกื™ื“ืŸ,
02:15
dust contains 20 times as much calcium as dust in Nigeria,
43
135613
4600
ืื‘ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคื™ 20 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
02:20
where the geology is quite different.
44
140213
2340
ืฉื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:22
After a particularly violent storm,
45
142553
2300
ืื—ืจื™ ืกืขืจื” ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
02:24
scientists identified dust from the Sahara Desert
46
144853
3118
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืง ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื”ืจื”
02:27
thousands of miles away in London,
47
147971
3121
ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
02:31
based on its specific composition.
48
151092
2750
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœื•.
02:33
In the future,
49
153842
860
ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
02:34
we may be able to pinpoint the origins of dust samples even more specifically,
50
154702
4710
ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืง ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
02:39
down to a particular neighborhood or even house -
51
159412
3750
ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช -
02:43
something that may be of great help for forensic specialists.
52
163162
5360
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื ื–ื™ื™ื.
02:48
In addition to markers of humans, animals, and landscapes,
53
168522
3610
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:52
dust also contains particles from further afield.
54
172132
3940
ืื‘ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:56
When a star explodes in a distant galaxy,
55
176072
3820
ื›ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช,
02:59
super hot gases vaporize everything nearby.
56
179892
4960
ื’ื–ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ืžื™ื ืžืื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘.
03:04
Then, the dust settles; minerals condense out of the gas.
57
184852
4810
ืื–, ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉื•ืงืข; ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื–.
03:09
Floating out there between planets and galaxies,
58
189662
3152
ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
03:12
this extraterrestrial dust contains tiny pieces of extinguished stars
59
192814
5288
ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•
03:18
and the building blocks of future celestial bodies.
60
198102
4482
ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
03:22
Every year, tens of thousands of tons of cosmic dust
61
202584
3746
ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ืงื•ืกืžื™
03:26
lands on Earth and mingles with terrestrial minerals.
62
206330
4131
ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื.
03:30
This blend of chemicals, minerals, and intergalactic particles
63
210461
4171
ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื™ื
03:34
settles out of the air onto surfaces in our homes,
64
214632
3740
ืฉื•ืงืข ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื•,
03:38
mixing with the detritus of each houseโ€™s occupants.
65
218372
3560
ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช.
03:41
Stars explode,
66
221932
1442
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื,
03:43
mountains erode,
67
223374
1409
ื”ืจื™ื ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื,
03:44
and buildings, plants, and animals
68
224783
2110
ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:46
are all slowly but surely pulverized into fine grey powder.
69
226893
5459
ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื ื˜ื—ื ื™ื ืœืื‘ืงื” ืืคื•ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”.
03:52
Weโ€™re all destined to become dust,
70
232352
2511
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื‘ืง,
03:54
but itโ€™s also possible that we came from it.
71
234863
3050
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžืžื ื•.
03:57
Interstellar dust has been found to carry organic compounds through space.
72
237913
5318
ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
04:03
Itโ€™s possible that billions of years ago,
73
243231
2870
ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:06
some of these cosmic particles were the seed of life
74
246101
3332
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื
04:09
on our little blue planet.
75
249433
1939
ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7