The science of skin - Emma Bryce

1,953,870 views ใƒป 2018-03-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Between you and the rest of the world lies an interface
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ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉืง
00:10
that makes up 16% of your physical weight.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” 16% ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
00:13
This is your skin, the largest organ in your body:
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ:
00:17
laid out flat, it would cover close to 1.7 square meters of ground.
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ืื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืกื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ 1.7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
00:22
Its purpose may seem obviousโ€” to keep our insides in.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” -- ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:26
But a look beyond the surface
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
00:28
reveals that it plays a surprising number of roles in our lives.
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ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
00:32
First, the basics.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
00:33
Skin is the foundation of the integumentary system,
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžื ื˜ืืจื™ืช.
00:37
which also incorporates your hair, nails, and specialized glands and nerves.
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ืฉื’ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
00:44
Made up of three layers,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช,
00:45
the epidermis,
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ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
00:46
dermis,
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ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
00:47
and hypodermis,
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ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
00:49
skinโ€™s thickness varies from 0.5 millimeters at its thinnest
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ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืž 0.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืง
00:53
and up to four millimeters at its thickest.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื”.
00:57
It also carries out three key functions:
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืžืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
00:59
protecting,
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ื”ื’ื ื”,
01:00
regulating,
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ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
01:01
and sensing the world beyond its limits.
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•.
01:04
On a daily basis, its huge surface processes hundreds, if not thousands,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™, ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื• ืžืขื‘ื“ ืžืื•ืช, ืื ืœื ืืœืคื™,
01:09
of physical sensations,
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช,
01:11
relying mostly on large, pressure-sensitive skin components
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ืžืกืชืžืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ
01:15
called Merkel cells.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ ืžืจืงืœ.
01:17
In your fingertips alone,
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ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
01:19
there are 750 Merkel cells per each square-centimeter of skin,
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ื™ืฉ 750 ืชืื™ ืžืจืงืœ ืœื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ,
01:24
coupled with over 2,500 receptors that give you your sense of touch.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2500 ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื’ืข.
01:29
This surface is also the bodyโ€™s first major line of defense.
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ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:34
Without it, youโ€™d be a soggy mass of tissue and fluids,
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืฉ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
01:38
fatally exposed to the elements.
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ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืœืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื.
01:41
Skin effectively seals off your insides
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืื•ื˜ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
01:44
and also absorbs pressure and shock
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ื•ื’ื ืกื•ืคื’ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืฉื•ืง
01:47
with flexible collagen that makes up most of its dermal layer.
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ืขื ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
01:51
The epidermis is made up mainly of skin cells called keratinocytes
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ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื
01:55
that are completely replaced every four weeks.
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ืฉืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
01:58
As new cells form at the base of the epidermis, older ones are pushed up.
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก, ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:04
When these cells move upwards,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:06
theyโ€™re filled with a hardened protein called keratin.
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ื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:09
Once they reach the surface,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:11
they form a tightly-overlapping, waterproof layer
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืคืคืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ื
02:15
thatโ€™s difficult for invading microbes to breach.
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ื”ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:18
Any harmful microbes that make it into the epidermis
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื–ื™ืง ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก
02:21
will encounter Langerhans cells.
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ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืื™ ืœื ื’ืจื”ื ืก.
02:24
This group of protective skin cells detects invaders
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ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื
02:28
and communicates their presence to resident immune system T-cells,
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ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืœืชืื™ T,
02:32
which react by launching an immune response.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
02:36
A crucial feature of this immune defense
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
02:38
is the several thousand species of microorganisms
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
02:42
that inhabit the planes,
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ืฉืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื,
02:43
folds,
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ื”ืงืคืœื™ื,
02:44
and crevices of your skin.
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ื•ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
02:47
These microbes, which include bacteria and fungi,
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:50
thrive in the sebum,
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ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื•ื,
02:51
an oily substance thatโ€™s secreted onto the skinโ€™s surface
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ
02:54
by sebaceous glands nestled inside the dermis.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจืžื™ืก.
02:58
These skin microbes keep the immune system in a state of constant surveillance,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“,
03:03
ensuring that itโ€™s ready to react if the body really is at risk.
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ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:08
Beyond this protective role,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื’ืŸ,
03:10
your skin is also a sensory organ that helps regulate your bodyโ€™s temperature,
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:15
two roles that are closely interlinked.
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ืฉื ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
03:17
Nerves detect whether your skin is warm or cold
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื ืื• ืงืจ
03:21
and communicate that information to your brain.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
03:24
In return, the brain instructs localized blood vessels
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:27
to either expand if the body is too warm,
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ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื ืžื“ื™,
03:29
releasing heat from the blood through the skin,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:32
or to constrict if the body is cold, which retains heat.
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ืื• ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืงืจ, ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื.
03:36
At any given time, up to 25% of the body's blood is circulating through the dermis,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืขื“ ืœ 25% ืžื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
03:42
making this process extremely efficient.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
03:45
Under warm conditions,
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ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
03:46
the skinโ€™s sweat glands will secrete sweat via ducts onto the surface,
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื–ื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:51
transferring heat out of the body.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
03:53
Hair can also be stimulated to conserve or release body warmth.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:58
The average human has 5 million hair follicles
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ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื™ืฉ 5 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ
04:01
embedded everywhere on the body
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ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
04:03
except the palms of your hands and soles of your feet.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
04:06
Ninety to 150,000 of those are on your scalp,
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ืชืฉืขื™ื ืขื“ 150,000 ืžืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืคืช ืฉืœื›ื,
04:10
where they help shield the large surface area of your head
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ืฉื ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื›ื
04:13
from physical damage and sunburn.
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ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
04:16
When you're cold, tiny muscles called arrector pilli
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ื›ืฉืงืจ ืœื›ื, ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื™ืœื™ ืžื–ืงื™ืคื™ื
04:19
cause hair to stand upright across the body.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:23
Thatโ€™s the phenomenon known as goosebumps and it traps body heat close to your skin.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:29
Skinโ€™s vast surface isnโ€™t just a shield;
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ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ืŸ;
04:31
it also enables us to interact and connect with the world.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:35
Its multifunctional layer cools us down and keeps us warm.
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืงืจืจืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืžื—ืžืžืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
04:39
The integumentary system may be many things,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:42
but itโ€™s certainly more than skin deep.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžื”ืขื•ืจ.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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