Are spotty fruits and vegetables safe to eat? - Elizabeth Brauer

791,155 views ใƒป 2016-08-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In 2010, $30 billion worth of fruits and vegetables
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ื‘ 2010, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
00:09
were wasted by American retailers and shoppers
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ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
00:12
in part because of cosmetic problems and perceived spoilage.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ื.
00:16
That's a poor use of about 30% of the produce on the market,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš 30% ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
00:20
not to mention the water and energy required to grow and transport it,
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ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœืฉื ืข ืื•ืชื,
00:24
and the landfill space getting used up by rotting fruit.
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ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื.
00:27
So what are those cosmetic problems?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
00:30
You've probably passed over a spotty apple in the grocery store,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื•ื™ืชืจืชื ืขืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืžื ื•ืงื“ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช,
00:33
or accidentally sunk your thumb into a mushy patch on a tomato.
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ืื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืชื ืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืœื›ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื”.
00:37
These blemishes can doom produce to the trash can.
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ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื— ื”ืืฉืคื”.
00:41
But what are they anyway,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
00:42
and are they actually bad for you?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื›ื?
00:45
Those spots are evidence of an epic battle between plants and microbes.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืงืจื‘ ืืคื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:49
Like humans, plants coexist with billions of fungi and bacteria.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื• ืงื™ื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:53
Some of these microbes are beneficial to the plant,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžื—,
00:56
suppressing disease and helping it extract nutrients.
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ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
00:59
Others are pathogens, attacking the produce,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ,
01:02
still alive as it sits in a store display or your refrigerator
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœื›ื
01:06
and siphoning off molecules they can use themselves.
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ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:09
The good news is they're almost never bad for you.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ื.
01:12
These fungi and bacteria have spent millions of years
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
01:15
developing strategies to overcome a plant's immune system.
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ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—.
01:18
But healthy human immune systems are different enough
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:21
that those strategies just don't work on us.
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ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
01:24
So in a plant, what does this process look like?
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ืื– ื‘ืฆืžื—, ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื™ื?
01:28
Microbes can reach plants in a number of ways,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
01:30
like getting splashed onto it during watering or fertilization.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื–ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืื• ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
01:35
Under the right conditions,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
01:36
the microbes grow into large enough colonies
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:39
to attack the waxy outer layer of fruit or leaves.
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ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืขื•ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืขืœื™ื.
01:42
Their target: the delicious sugars and nutrients inside.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื: ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:46
This type of pathogen often makes spots like this.
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
01:49
A clump of bacteria drains the nutrients and color from the fruit's cells
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ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื– ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžืชืื™ ื”ืคืจื™
01:53
making that yellow halo.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ืœื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”.
01:55
It then moves outward,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
01:56
leaving a black spot of dead cells in its wake.
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ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
01:59
Each spot, which could contain hundreds of thousands of microbes
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
02:03
is actually caused by a combination of microbial attack
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืช
02:06
and the host defending itself.
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ื•ื”ืžืืจื— ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:08
For example, this is the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ ืคืกื•ื“ื•ืžื•ื ืืก ืกื™ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื™.
02:13
Once on a tomato, it enters the fruit and leaves,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื™ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื,
02:16
multiplies in the space between the cells,
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ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื,
02:19
and produces toxins and proteins
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:21
that allow it to disrupt the plant's immune response.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—.
02:24
One toxin coronatine makes plants' stomata open up,
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ืจืขืœืŸ ืื—ื“ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืกื˜ื•ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื”ืคืชื—,
02:28
allowing bacteria to enter more freely.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:31
Coronatine also activates pathways leading to chlorophyll degradation,
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ืงื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ,
02:35
which you can see as yellow spots.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:37
As the bacteria continue to feed and multiply,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:39
they start to kill off the plant cells.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฆืžื—.
02:41
That explains spots, but what about mushy blemishes?
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ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืช?
02:45
Those are usually caused when the fruit is attacked by microbes
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ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืคืจื™ ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
02:49
after it's detached from the plant.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืฆืžื—.
02:50
If the plant is wounded during transport,
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ืื ื”ืฆืžื— ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”,
02:52
necrotic fungi can infiltrate through the wound,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืงืจื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฆืข,
02:56
kill the cells,
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ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื,
02:57
absorb their nutrients,
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ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
02:58
and leave your food looking mushy or brown.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืจืš ืื• ื—ื•ื.
03:01
Those spots in particular can taste pretty bad.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืžืฉ ืจืข.
03:03
You're eating dead and decomposing tissue, after all.
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ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืจืงืžื” ืžืชื” ื•ืžืชืคืจืงืช, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
03:06
But you can usually salvage the rest of the fruit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื™.
03:08
The non-mushy spots, like the ones you typically see on apples or tomatoes,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœื ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:13
are just on the surface and don't usually affect flavor.
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ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื.
03:16
Of course, microbes that do make us sick, like E. coli and salmonella,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื™ ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืœืžื•ื ืœื”,
03:20
can hitch a ride on vegetables, too.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื˜ืจืžืค ืขืœ ื™ืจืงื•ืช.
03:23
But because they're not plant pathogens, they don't typically cause spots.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
03:26
They just hang out invisibly on the surface.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:29
So it's washing fruit and veggies, not avoiding the spotty ones,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืœื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžื ื•ืงื“ื™ื,
03:32
that will help you avoid getting sick.
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ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช.
03:35
So the next time you're at the grocery store,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช,
03:37
don't be afraid to pick up funky-looking fruit.
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ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
03:39
Some stores will even give you a discount.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื”.
03:42
Wash them well and store them properly,
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ืจื—ืฆื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืื›ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืื,
03:44
as some produce like apples and cabbages will keep in the fridge for weeks.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
03:48
The spotty ones may not be eye candy, but they're safe and just as delicious.
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ื”ืžื ื•ืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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