Can you outsmart the fallacy that started a witch hunt? - Elizabeth Cox

1,172,474 views ใƒป 2020-10-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:10
Ah, a witch hunt.
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ืื”, ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช.
00:12
Humans are tireless in their pursuit of reason.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:16
"Itโ€™s 1950.
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"ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1950.
00:18
Following threats from the communist governments of the Soviet Union and China,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
00:23
anti-communist sentiment in the United States is at an all-time high.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ื.
00:27
Senator Joseph McCarthy claims he has a list of 205 communists in the US
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ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืžืงืืจืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 205 ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:34
who are influencing government policy."
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ."
00:38
Didnโ€™t I just change the channel?
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ืจื’ืข, ืœื ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืจื•ืฅ?
00:41
Ah, I see. Itโ€™s a different witch hunt.
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ืื”, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ื–ื” ืžืจื“ืฃ ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจ.
00:44
"The senate forms a committee to investigate McCarthyโ€™s claims.
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"ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืืจืชื™.
00:48
McCarthy names his first case:
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ืžืงืืจืชื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•
00:50
against prominent lawyer, judge, and activist Dorothy Kenyon.
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ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ื•ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
00:55
He accuses her of membership to 28 organizations that are communist fronts.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘-28 ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื”.
01:01
Newspapers around the country rush to her defense,
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื”,
01:03
pointing out her vocally anti-communist record.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
01:07
The senate committee schedules a hearing anyway,
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ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกื ืื˜ ืžืชืืžืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
01:10
and she has just five days to prepare."
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ."
01:14
This is too much.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื’ื–ื.
01:16
If the government wonโ€™t be a voice of reason, Iโ€™ll have to.
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ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:30
Thatโ€™s better.
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ื›ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:31
Iโ€™m surprised you good legislators have agreed to move this hearing forward.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืคืชืข ืฉืืชื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ื–ื”.
01:36
Youโ€™re falling prey to a type of argument from ignorance:
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ืืชื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื˜ืจืฃ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืจื•ืช:
01:39
assuming that a claim is true because it hasnโ€™t been proven false.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื”.
01:44
The claim being Senator McCarthyโ€™s accusations against Judge Kenyon,
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงืืจืชื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ,
01:48
for which he provided no legitimate evidence.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ืคืง ืืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
01:52
Is that right? I thought so.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื›ื›ื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
01:55
Some of the so-called communist organizations he accused her of joining
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœ"ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื"
02:00
donโ€™t even exist.
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ืฉื—ืœืงื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:02
To assume a claim is true because it hasnโ€™t been proven false
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื— ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื”
02:07
ignores many other possibilities:
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ืžืชืขืœื ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช:
02:10
that it hasnโ€™t been proven false yet, that it canโ€™t be proven true or false,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื”, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื”,
02:14
or that it isnโ€™t completely true or completely false, to name a few.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื• ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช. ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:19
This leads to a handy rule of thumb:
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืขื™ืœ:
02:22
the burden of proof lies with the person making the claim.
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ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”.
02:25
In other words, you make the claim, you supply the proof.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืชื ืžืขืœื™ื ื˜ืขื ื”, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
02:30
If someone told you aliens exist,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:33
would you head off to find proof that they donโ€™t exist?
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ื”ืื ืชืฆืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?
02:36
Of course not.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื.
02:37
Youโ€™d tell that person to show you the UFO.
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ืืชื ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:42
The same applies when someone makes a claim
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžืขืœื” ื˜ืขื ื”
02:44
that contradicts an established consensus.
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ืฉืกื•ืชืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืงื™ื™ื.
02:47
So when all the available evidence suggests
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ืื– ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
02:50
that humans are causing an increase in global temperatures,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:54
the burden of proof has been fulfilledโ€”
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ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื•ืœืื” --
02:56
if you disagree, it becomes your responsibility to prove otherwise.
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:03
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:06
Ah, Iโ€™ve gotten ahead of myself.
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ืื”, ื”ืชืงื“ืžืชื™ ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™.
03:08
Youโ€™ll see what I mean soon enough.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
03:11
Anyway, your legal system supposedly recognizes this ruleโ€”
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื” --
03:15
so what are you all doing here?
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคื”?
03:25
"Itโ€™s July 17th, 1950,
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"ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1950,
03:28
and the senate subcommittee has officially dismissed all charges against Kenyon."
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ื•ืชืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ."
03:33
As they should!
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš!
03:34
"Itโ€™s 1954, and the senate has formally disciplined McCarthy."
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"ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1954, ื•ื”ืกื ืื˜ ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืืช ืžืงืืจืชื™."
03:40
Took them long enough!
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ืœืงื— ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ!
03:41
"He will serve out the rest of his term,
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"ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืœื ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•,
03:43
but will never again be elected to a public office.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
03:46
Because of his widespread anti-communist influence,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•,
03:50
hundreds of people have been incarcerated, and thousands have lost their jobs."
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืืกืจื•, ื•ืืœืคื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื."
03:59
Ah! Look what the communists did!
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ืื”! ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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