The most groundbreaking scientist you've never heard of - Addison Anderson

3,016,590 views ใƒป 2013-10-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:07
Nicolas Steno is rarely heard of
0
7114
2049
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืกื˜ื ื•
00:09
outside Intro to Geology,
1
9163
2273
ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื‘ื•ื ืœื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:11
but anyone hoping to understand life on Earth
2
11436
2809
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:14
should see how Steno expanded and connected
3
14245
2929
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืกื˜ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ
00:17
those very concepts:
4
17174
1501
ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”:
00:18
Earth, life, and understanding.
5
18675
3083
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”.
00:21
Born Niels Stensen in 1638 Denmark,
6
21758
3468
ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื ื™ืœืก ืกื˜ื ืกืŸ ื‘ 1638 ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง,
00:25
son of a goldsmith,
7
25226
1587
ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืฃ,
00:26
he was a sickly kid
8
26813
1326
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ืœื ื™
00:28
whose school chums died of plague.
9
28139
2503
ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชื• ืžืžื’ืคื”.
00:30
He survived to cut up corpses
10
30642
1917
ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื•ืช
00:32
as an anatomist,
11
32559
1167
ื›ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืกื˜,
00:33
studying organs shared across species.
12
33726
2631
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื.
00:36
He found a duct in animal skulls
13
36357
1892
ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:38
that sends saliva to the mouth.
14
38249
1978
ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืจื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื”.
00:40
He refuted Descartes' idea
15
40227
1501
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืงืืจื˜
00:41
that only humans had a pineal gland,
16
41728
2134
ืฉืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœ,
00:43
proving it wasn't the seat of the soul,
17
43862
2251
ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ,
00:46
arguably, the debut of neuroscience.
18
46113
2829
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ืฉื–ื• ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:48
Most remarkable for the time was his method.
19
48942
3007
ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื•.
00:51
Steno never let ancient texts,
20
51949
2251
ืกื˜ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
00:54
Aristotelian metaphysics,
21
54200
1508
ืžื˜ืืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
00:55
or Cartesian deductions
22
55708
1795
ืื• ื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช
00:57
overrule empirical, experimental evidence.
23
57503
3670
ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:01
His vision, uncluttered by speculation or rationalization,
24
61173
3958
ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืื• ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
01:05
went deep.
25
65131
929
ื—ื“ืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
01:06
Steno had seen how gallstones
26
66060
1613
ืกื˜ื ื• ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืื‘ื ื™ ืžืจื”
01:07
form in wet organs by accretion.
27
67673
2753
ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช.
01:10
They obeyed molding principles
28
70426
1342
ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืงื”
01:11
he knew from the goldsmith trade,
29
71768
1788
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช,
01:13
rules useful across disciplines
30
73556
1599
ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื“ื™ืกื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช
01:15
for understanding solids
31
75155
1584
ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื
01:16
by their structural relationships.
32
76739
2032
ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:18
Later, the Grand Duke of Tuscany
33
78771
1539
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื”
01:20
had him dissect a shark.
34
80310
1667
ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื ืชื— ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
01:21
Its teeth resembled tongue stones,
35
81977
1913
ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื“ืžื• ืœืื‘ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ,
01:23
odd rocks seen inside other rocks
36
83890
2503
ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:26
in Malta and the mountains near Florence.
37
86393
2586
ื‘ืžืืœื˜ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”.
01:28
Pliny the Elder, old Roman naturalist,
38
88979
2224
ืคืœื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ืจื•ืžืื™,
01:31
said these fell from the sky.
39
91203
2327
ืืžืจ ืฉืืœื” ื ืคืœื• ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
01:33
In the Dark Ages,
40
93530
1173
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:34
folks said they were snake tongues,
41
94703
1790
ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื™ื,
01:36
petrified by Saint Paul.
42
96493
1761
ืฉื”ืชืื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ.
01:38
Steno saw that tongue stones were shark teeth
43
98254
2804
ืกื˜ื ื• ืจืื” ืฉืื‘ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ ื›ืจื™ืฉ
01:41
and vice versa,
44
101058
1335
ื•ืœื”ืคืš,
01:42
with the same signs of structural growth.
45
102393
2610
ืขื ืื•ืชื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™.
01:45
Figuring similar things are made in similar ways,
46
105003
2754
ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
01:47
he argued the ancient teeth
47
107757
1639
ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
01:49
came from ancient sharks
48
109396
1481
ื‘ืื• ืžื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
01:50
in waters that formed rock around the teeth
49
110877
2802
ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืกืœืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:53
and became mountains.
50
113679
1741
ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื.
01:55
Rock layers were once layers of watery sediment,
51
115420
3217
ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืกืœืข ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
01:58
which would lay out horizontally,
52
118637
1643
ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื•ืช,
02:00
one atop another,
53
120280
1110
ืื—ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:01
oldest up to newest.
54
121390
1807
ืžืขืชื™ืงื” ืขื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:03
If layers were deformed,
55
123197
1482
ืื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช,
02:04
tilted,
56
124679
520
ื ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:05
cut by a fault or a canyon,
57
125199
1965
ื—ืชื•ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ,
02:07
that change came after the layer formed.
58
127164
2323
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
02:09
Sounds simple today;
59
129487
1292
ื ืฉืžืข ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื;
02:10
back then, revolutionary.
60
130779
2219
ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
02:12
He'd invented stratigraphy
61
132998
1662
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื’ืคื™ื”
02:14
and laid geology's ground work.
62
134660
2453
ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:17
By finding one origin for shark teeth from two eras
63
137744
3990
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื
02:21
by stating natural laws ruling the present
64
141734
2897
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”
02:24
also ruled the past,
65
144631
1997
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:26
Steno planted seeds for uniformitarianism,
66
146628
3506
ืกื˜ื ื• ื ื˜ืข ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืคื•ืจืžื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื–ื,
02:30
the idea that the past was shaped by processes
67
150134
2957
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื
02:33
observable today.
68
153091
1707
ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:34
In the 18th and 19th centuries,
69
154798
1956
ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื” 18 ื•ื” 19,
02:36
English uniformitarian geologists,
70
156754
2501
ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื,
02:39
James Hutton and Charles Lyell,
71
159255
2213
ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืœื™ื™ืœ,
02:41
studied current, very slow rates
72
161468
2504
ื—ืงืจื• ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:43
of erosion and sedimentation
73
163972
2042
ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:46
and realized the Earth had to be way older
74
166014
2176
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืง
02:48
than the biblical guestimate, 6000 years.
75
168190
3118
ื‘ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื ื›ื™, 6000 ืฉื ื”.
02:51
Out of their work came the rock cycle,
76
171308
2008
ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื,
02:53
which combined with plate tectonics
77
173316
1740
ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืขื ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช
02:55
in the mid-twentieth century
78
175056
1380
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื
02:56
to give us the great molten-crusting, quaking,
79
176436
2471
ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ
02:58
all-encircling theory of the Earth,
80
178907
2576
ื”ืชื›ื”, ืงืจื•ื ื•ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:01
from a gallstone to a 4.5 billion-year-old planet.
81
181483
4073
ืžืื‘ืŸ ืžืจื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืŸ 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
03:05
Now think bigger,
82
185556
1351
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:06
take it to biology.
83
186907
1115
ืงื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:08
Say you see shark teeth in one layer
84
188022
2138
ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
03:10
and a fossil of an organism
85
190160
1379
ื•ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื
03:11
you've never seen under that.
86
191539
1649
ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”.
03:13
The deeper fossil's older, yes?
87
193188
2259
ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:15
You now have evidence
88
195447
1055
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:16
of the origin and extinction of species over time.
89
196502
3205
ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:19
Get uniformitarian.
90
199707
1464
ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื.
03:21
Maybe a process still active today
91
201171
2179
ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:23
caused changes not just in rocks but in life.
92
203350
3494
ื’ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกืœืขื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:26
It might also explain similarities and differences
93
206844
2138
ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื ื™
03:28
between species
94
208982
1439
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื
03:30
found by anatomists like Steno.
95
210421
2200
ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ื ื•.
03:32
It's a lot to ponder,
96
212621
1108
ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•,
03:33
but Charles Darwin had the time
97
213729
2540
ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ
03:36
on a long trip to the Galapagos,
98
216269
1633
ื‘ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ืœื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก,
03:37
reading a copy of his friend Charles Lyell's
99
217902
2565
ื›ืฉืงืจื ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืœื™ื™ืœ
03:40
"Principles of Geology,"
100
220467
1856
"ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,"
03:42
which Steno sort of founded.
101
222323
2173
ืฉืกื˜ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื“.
03:44
Sometimes giants stand on the shoulders
102
224496
2034
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™
03:46
of curious little people.
103
226530
1999
ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
03:48
Nicolas Steno helped evolve evolution,
104
228529
2353
ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืกื˜ื ื• ืขื–ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
03:50
broke ground for geology,
105
230882
1549
ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:52
and showed how unbiased, empirical observation
106
232431
2610
ื•ื”ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื”
03:55
can cut across intellectual borders
107
235041
1849
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
03:56
to deepen our perspective.
108
236890
2046
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:58
His finest accomplishment, though,
109
238936
1816
ื”ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ืขื ื–ืืช,
04:00
may be his maxim,
110
240752
1130
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
04:01
casting the search for truth
111
241882
1307
ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช
04:03
beyond our senses and our current understanding
112
243189
2530
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:05
as the pursuit of the beauty
113
245719
1565
ื›ืฉื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™
04:07
of the as yet unknown.
114
247284
2192
ืฉืœ ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
04:09
Beautiful is what we see,
115
249476
1967
ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
04:11
more beautiful is what we know,
116
251443
2251
ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:13
most beautiful, by far, is what we don't.
117
253694
3580
ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7