When will the next ice age happen? - Lorraine Lisiecki

1,707,411 views ใƒป 2018-05-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:06
Twenty thousand years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”,
00:08
the Earth was a frigid landscape where woolly mammoths roamed.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ืงืคื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืžืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฆืžืจื™ื•ืช.
00:12
Huge ice sheets, several thousand meters thick,
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ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื— ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
00:15
encased parts of North America, Asia, and Europe.
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ื›ื™ืกื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:18
We commonly know it as the "Ice Age."
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—."
00:21
But geologists call it the Last Glacial Maximum.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
00:24
Thatโ€™s because itโ€™s the most recent time that ice reached such a huge extent,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืœื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื,
00:29
and โ€œice ageโ€ is an informal term without a single agreed-upon definition.
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ื•"ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—" ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืื—ืช.
00:34
Over the last million years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:36
there have actually been about 10 different glacial maxima.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›-10 ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™.
00:39
Throughout Earthโ€™s history, climate has varied greatly.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
00:42
For hundreds of millions of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:44
the planet had no polar ice caps.
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ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื›ืœืœ.
00:46
Without this ice, the sea level was 70 meters higher.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืงืจื— ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ 70 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:50
At the other extreme, about 700 million years ago,
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ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ืœืคื ื™ ื› 700 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
00:53
Earth became almost entirely covered in ice
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื—
00:56
during an event known as โ€œSnowball Earth.โ€
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื•ืข ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’."
00:59
So what causes these massive swings in the planetโ€™s climate?
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ืื– ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
01:03
One of the main drivers is atmospheric carbon dioxide,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
01:07
a greenhouse gas that traps heat.
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ื’ื– ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ ื—ื•ื.
01:09
Natural processes, such as volcanism,
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช,
01:12
chemical weathering of rocks,
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ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื,
01:14
and the burial of organic matter,
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
01:16
can cause huge changes in carbon dioxide when they continue for millions of years.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืื ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:21
Over the past million years, carbon dioxide has been relatively low,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
01:25
and repeated glacial maxima
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ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช
01:27
have been caused by cycles in Earthโ€™s movement around the sun.
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ื ื’ืจืžื• ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:31
As Earth rotates,
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ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
01:32
it wobbles on its axis and its tilt changes,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจื• ื•ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืชื ื”,
01:35
altering the amount of sunlight that strikes different parts of its surface.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•.
01:39
These wobbles, combined with the planetโ€™s elliptical orbit,
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ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ื”ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืช,
01:42
cause summer temperatures to vary
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ
01:44
depending on whether the summer solstice happens when Earth is closer
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ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืจื•ื‘
01:47
or farther from the sun.
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ืื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:49
Approximately every 100,000 years,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ 100,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:52
these factors align to create dramatically colder conditions that last for millennia.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:57
Cool summers that arenโ€™t warm enough to melt the preceding winterโ€™s snow
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ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
02:00
allow ice to accumulate year after year.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืงืจื— ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”.
02:03
These ice sheets produce additional cooling
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ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืจื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
02:06
by reflecting more solar energy back into space.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ.
02:09
Simultaneously, cooler conditions transfer carbon dioxide
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื ืื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
02:13
from the atmosphere into the ocean,
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ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:15
causing even more cooling and glacier expansion.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื•ื“ ืงืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื.
02:18
About 20,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื› 20,000 ืฉื ื”,
02:20
these trends reversed when changes in Earthโ€™s orbit increased summer sunshine
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ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื” ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ื”ืดื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ
02:25
over the giant ice sheets, and they began to melt.
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื ืžืก.
02:28
The sea level rose 130 meters
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ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ 130 ืžื˜ืจ
02:31
and carbon dioxide was released from the ocean back into the atmosphere.
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ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:35
By analyzing pollen and marine fossils,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
02:38
geologists can tell that temperatures peaked about 6,000 years ago,
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ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื› 6,000 ืฉื ื”,
02:42
before another shift in Earthโ€™s orbit caused renewed cooling.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืจื ืœืงืจื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
02:46
So whatโ€™s coming next?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืœืื”?
02:48
Based on the repeated natural cycle seen in the climate record,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
02:51
weโ€™d normally expect the Earth to continue a trend of gradual cooling
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช
02:54
for the next few thousand years.
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ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
02:57
However, this cooling abruptly reversed about 150 years ago.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื› 150 ืฉื ื”.
03:01
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
03:02
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been rising since the 19th century,
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืœื• ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
03:06
when fossil fuel use increased.
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ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:09
We know that from studying air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื— ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:12
This surge in carbon dioxide also coincides
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:15
with a global temperature increase of nearly one degree Celsius.
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ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœืžื”.
03:20
Ice cores and atmospheric monitoring stations
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™
03:22
show us that carbon dioxide levels are rising faster,
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ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:25
and to higher levels,
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ื•ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:27
than at any point in the last 800,000 years.
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ืžื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ 800,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:30
Computer models forecast another one to four degrees Celsius of warming by 2100,
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ 2100,
03:35
depending on how much additional fossil fuel we burn.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืฉืจื•ืฃ.
03:39
What does that mean for the ice currently on Greenland and Antarctica?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื›ืจื’ืข ืืช ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ืื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”?
03:43
Past climate changes suggest that even a small warming shift
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื”
03:46
can begin a process of ice melt that continues for thousands of years.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืช ืงืจื— ืฉืชืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:51
By the end of this century,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
03:52
ice melt is expected to raise the sea level by 30 to 100 centimeters,
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ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ 30 ืขื“ 100 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
03:57
enough to impact many coastal cities and island nations.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื.
04:01
If a four-degree Celsius warming persisted for several millennia,
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ืื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:04
the sea level could rise by as much as 10 meters.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ 10 ืžื˜ืจ.
04:08
By studying past climates,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
04:10
scientists learn more about what drives the shifts in ice
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—
04:13
that have shaped our planet for millions of years.
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ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:15
Research suggests that by taking action now
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช
04:18
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions quickly,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
04:20
we still have the opportunity to curb ice loss and save our coastal communities.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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