The breathtaking courage of Harriet Tubman - Janell Hobson

1,855,369 views ใƒป 2018-07-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Escaping slavery;
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ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช;
00:08
risking everything to save her family;
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ืœืกื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”;
00:10
leading a military raid;
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช;
00:11
championing the cause of womenโ€™s suffrage;
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื;
00:14
these are just a handful of the accomplishments
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ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื
00:16
of one of Americaโ€™s most courageous heroes.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:19
Harriet Tubman was born Araminta Ross in Dorchester County, Maryland,
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ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื›ืืจืžื™ื ื˜ื” ืจื•ืก ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื“ื•ืจืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื ื“.
00:23
in the early 1820s.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”19.
00:25
Born into chattel slavery, Araminta, or Minty, was the fifth of nine children.
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื˜ืœ, ืืจืžื™ื ื˜ื”, ืื• ืžื™ื ื˜ื™, ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:30
Two of Mintyโ€™s older sisters were sold to a chain gang.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ื ืžื›ืจื• ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช.
00:33
Even as a small child,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”,
00:35
Minty was hired out to different owners,
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ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื›ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:37
who subjected her to whippings and punishment.
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ืฉื”ื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื”.
00:39
Young Mintyโ€™s life changed forever on an errand to a neighborhood store.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœืขื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ืช.
00:43
There, an overseer threw a two-pound weight at a fugitive enslaved person,
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ืฉื, ืžืคืงื— ื–ืจืง ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื—,
00:47
missed, and struck Minty instead.
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ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
00:50
Her injury caused her to experience sleeping spells,
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ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”,
00:53
which we know of today as narcolepsy,
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ืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื ืจืงื•ืœืคืกื™ื”,
00:55
for the rest of her life.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”.
00:57
Mintyโ€™s owner tried to sell her,
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ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”,
00:59
but there were no buyers for an enslaved person who fell into sleeping spells.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ืคืœ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”.
01:03
She was instead put to work with her father, Ben Ross,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืก,
01:06
who taught her how to lumber.
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ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืš ืœื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื.
01:08
Lumbering increased Mintyโ€™s physical strength
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื˜ื™
01:10
and put her in touch with free black sailors who shipped the wood to the North.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืœื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ.
01:15
From them, Minty learned about the secret communications
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ืžื”ื, ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ืช
01:18
that occurred along trade routes,
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ,
01:20
information that would prove invaluable later in her life.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื•ื›ื— ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”.
01:24
In this mixed atmosphere of free and enslaved blacks working side by side,
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ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
01:28
Minty met John Tubman, a free black man she married in 1844.
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ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ ืคื’ืฉื” ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ 1844.
01:33
After marriage, she renamed herself Harriet, after her mother.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืœื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜, ืขืœ ืฉื ืื™ืžื”.
01:37
Harriet Tubmanโ€™s owner died in 1849.
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ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ืžืช ื‘ 1849.
01:40
When his widow planned to sell off her enslaved human beings,
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ื›ืฉืืœืžื ืชื• ืชื›ื ื ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
01:43
Harriet feared she would be sold away from everyone she loved.
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ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื—ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื›ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื”ื‘ื”.
01:47
She had heard of an โ€œunderground railroad,"
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ "ืžืกื™ืœื” ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ืช,"
01:49
a secret network of safe houses,
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ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืกืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
01:51
boat captains,
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ืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
01:52
and wagon drivers
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ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ ืขื’ืœื•ืช
01:54
willing to harbor fugitive enslaved people on their way north.
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ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื—ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ.
01:58
So Tubman fled with two of her brothers, Ben and Harry.
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ืื– ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื™ื”, ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืืจื™.
02:01
They eventually turned back, fearing they were lost.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื‘ื“ื•.
02:04
But in one of her sleeping spells,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”,
02:06
Harriet dreamed that she could fly like a bird.
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ื”ืืจื™ื˜ ื—ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:09
Looking down below, she saw the path to liberation.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:13
And in the autumn of 1849, she set out on her own,
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ื•ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1849, ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœื‘ื“ื”,
02:17
following the North Star to Pennsylvania, and to freedom.
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ืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ื•ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ.
02:21
Tubman returned to the South 13 times to free her niece,
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ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ืจื•ื 13 ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื ื™ืชื”,
02:25
brothers,
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ืื—ื™ื”,
02:26
parents,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:27
and many others.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:28
She earned the nickname Black Moses
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืžืฉื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
02:30
and worked diligently with fellow abolitionists
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืงื“ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
02:33
to help enslaved people escape,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—,
02:35
first to the North, and later to Canada.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื“ื”.
02:38
Harriet Tubman worked as a Union army nurse,
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ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
02:41
scout,
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ื›ืฆื•ืคื”,
02:42
and spy during the Civil War.
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ื•ื›ืžืจื’ืœืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
02:44
In 1863, she became the first woman in United States history
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ื‘ 1863, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:48
to plan and lead a military raid,
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ืฉืชื›ื ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช,
02:50
liberating nearly 700 enslaved persons in South Carolina.
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ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 700 ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื”.
02:55
After the war, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื” 13 ืœื—ื•ืงืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:59
legally abolished slavery,
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ืืกืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
03:01
while the 14th expanded citizenship
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื” 14 ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช
03:03
and the 15th gave voting rights to formerly enslaved black men.
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ื•ื” 15 ื ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:07
But she was undaunted, and she persisted.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื—ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
03:10
She raised funds for formerly enslaved persons
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
03:13
and helped build schools and a hospital on their behalf.
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ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขื ื.
03:17
In 1888, Tubman became more active in the fight for womenโ€™s right to vote.
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ื‘ 1888, ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชืŸืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
03:22
In 1896, she appeared at the founding convention
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ื‘ 1896, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืืกืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ
03:25
of the National Association of Colored Women in Washington D.C.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”.
03:29
and later at a womanโ€™s suffrage meeting in Rochester, New York.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืกืคืช ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืคืจื’'ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
03:33
There she told the audience:
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœืงื”ืœ:
03:35
โ€œI was a conductor on the Underground Railroad,
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"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช,
03:38
and I can say what many others cannot.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
03:41
I never ran my train off the track, and I never lost a passenger.โ€
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื”ืžืกื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืข."
03:45
As her fame grew,
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ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ืœืชื” ื’ื“ืœื”,
03:47
various friends and allies helped her in the fight
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื”
03:50
to collect a veteranโ€™s pension for her service in the Union Army.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื‘ื ืขืœ ืฉืจื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“.
03:53
In 1899, she was finally granted $20 a month.
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ื‘ 1899, ื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ 20$ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
03:58
In a fitting twist of fate,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืœ,
03:59
the United States Treasury announced in 2016
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ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ 2016
04:02
that Tubmanโ€™s image will appear on a redesigned twenty dollar bill.
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ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ืชื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:07
Harriet Tubman died on March 10, 1913.
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ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืื‘ืžืŸ ืžืชื” ื‘10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, 1913.
04:11
Even on her deathbed at age 91,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 91,
04:14
she kept the freedom of her people in mind.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื”.
04:16
Her final words were:
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ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•:
04:18
"I go away to prepare a place for you.โ€
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"ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืงื•ื."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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