The epic of Gilgamesh, the king who tried to conquer death - Soraya Field Fiorio

4,028,507 views ใƒป 2021-06-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
In 1849, in the ancient city of Nineveh in northern Iraq,
0
6913
4833
ื‘ 1849, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื ื™ื ื•ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง,
00:12
archaeologists sifted through dusty remains,
1
12246
3375
ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืงื•ืช,
00:15
hoping to find records to prove that Bible stories were true.
2
15621
4250
ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืš ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
00:20
What they found instead was one of the oldest libraries in the world.
3
20163
4333
ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:24
Inscribed on crumbling clay tablets was a 4,000-year-old story
4
24996
5542
ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ 4000 ืฉื ื”
00:30
so riveting the first person to translate it started stripping from excitement.
5
30538
5916
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
00:37
Called the epic of Gilgamesh,
6
37162
2792
ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ,
00:39
the story starts with Gilgamesh, king of the city of Uruk,
7
39954
4542
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ, ืžืœืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืจื•ืง,
00:44
crashing every wedding and sleeping with the bride
8
44496
3416
ืžืจืกืง ื›ืœ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื ื›ื ืก ื•ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขื ื”ื›ืœื”
00:47
before she has a chance to sleep with her husband.
9
47912
2875
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”.
00:51
To tame Gilgamesh, the goddess Aruru created a rival called Enkidu.
10
51579
6208
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืœืฃ ืืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ, ื”ืืœื” ืืจื•ืจื• ื™ืฆืจื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื›ื™ื“ื•.
00:57
Enkidu lived beyond the walls of the city,
11
57787
2542
ืื ื›ื™ื“ื• ื—ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ,
01:00
where chaos reigned and wild animals, invaders, and evil spirits prowled.
12
60329
5792
ืฉื ื›ืื•ืก ืฉืœื˜ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื, ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืจื• ืœื˜ืจืฃ.
01:06
After a priestess of the goddess Ishtar seduced Enkidu,
13
66704
4375
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื”ื ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืฉืชืจ ืคื™ืชืชื” ืืช ืื ื›ื™ื“ื•,
01:11
the wild animals beyond the wall rejected him and he ventured into the city.
14
71079
5375
ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ืจ ื“ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:16
There, he encountered Gilgamesh up to his usual tricks.
15
76829
4167
ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:21
Enkidu stepped in to stop him.
16
81329
2167
ืื ื›ื™ื“ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
01:24
Almost perfectly matched, the two men wrestled all through the city streets
17
84496
5125
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ
01:29
until Gilgamesh won the fight by a hair.
18
89621
2792
ืขื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™.
01:33
Afterwards, they were inseparable.
19
93121
2208
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
01:36
With his new friend, Gilgamesh turned his attention from the brides of Uruk
20
96288
4125
ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืžื”ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืง
01:40
to proving his strength in combat.
21
100788
2291
ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘.
01:43
They set out to slay Humbaba,
22
103746
2167
ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืžื‘ื‘ื”,
01:45
a creature with a thousand faces who guarded the trees of the Forest of Cedar.
23
105913
5583
ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ืืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ.
01:52
They tracked Humbaba and ambushed him.
24
112371
2875
ื”ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื‘ื” ื•ืืจื‘ื• ืœื•.
01:55
Cornered, he begged for his life,
25
115246
2417
ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•,
01:57
then cursed them as Gilgamesh dealt the final blow.
26
117871
4000
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
02:02
Back home in Uruk, the goddess Ishtar took a romantic interest in Gilgamesh.
27
122538
5958
ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืง, ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืฉืชืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ.
02:08
Knowing she tended to lose interest and curse her former flames,
28
128496
4333
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืงืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
02:13
Gilgamesh refused her advances.
29
133329
2667
ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ืกืจื‘ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
02:16
So Ishtar unleashed the Bull of Heaven on Uruk to destroy crops and kill people.
30
136329
6334
ืื– ืื™ืฉืชืจ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ืฉื•ืจ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืจื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:22
When Gilgamesh and Enkidu slayed the creature defending the city,
31
142663
4041
ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื•ืื ื›ื™ื“ื• ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:27
the gods killed Enkidu.
32
147788
2833
ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ืื ื›ื™ื“ื•.
02:30
He entered the House of Dust,
33
150621
2625
ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืง,
02:33
the shadowy Mesopotamian underworld where the spirits of the dead
34
153788
4333
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคื•ื˜ืžื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš ื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื
02:38
knelt eternally on the ground, eating dirt and drinking stone.
35
158121
5042
ื›ืจืขื• ืœืขื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืื›ืœื• ืขืคืจ ื•ืฉืชื• ืื‘ื ื™ื.
02:43
Grieving for Enkidu and terrified of meeting this fate himself,
36
163663
3708
ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืื ื›ื™ื“ื• ื•ืคื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
02:47
Gilgamesh set off beyond the cosmic mountains to seek immortality.
37
167829
5542
ื’ืœื’ืžืฉ ื™ืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืœืžื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:53
He passed scorpion people and groves of gemstone trees,
38
173371
4583
ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืงืจื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
02:58
travelled beneath the mountains and outran the rising sun,
39
178413
3750
ืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฅ ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื”,
03:02
until he finally came to the end of the world,
40
182746
3792
ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:06
where he found a bar.
41
186538
1875
ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจ.
03:08
The bartender was a goddess named Shiduri,
42
188954
2875
ื”ื‘ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™,
03:12
who urged Gilgamesh to give up his quest.
43
192788
3083
ืฉื“ื—ืงื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื•.
03:15
She told him all mortals must die,
44
195871
3167
ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช,
03:19
but until death comes, he should enjoy his life.
45
199954
3667
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืข, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:23
But Gilgamesh refused to give up.
46
203913
2416
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ืกืจื‘ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ.
03:26
Reluctantly, Shiduri gave him directions to cross the Waters of Death
47
206496
4667
ื‘ืื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
03:31
and meet the immortal man Utanapishti.
48
211163
2916
ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื ืคื™ืฉื˜ื™.
03:34
The gods had granted Utanapishti immortality following a great flood,
49
214871
4792
ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœืื•ื˜ื ืคื™ืฉื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:39
during which he built a boat,
50
219663
1791
ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื ื” ืกืคื™ื ื”,
03:41
loaded two of every animal onto it, and landed on a mountain peak.
51
221454
4834
ื”ืขืžื™ืก ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ืคืกื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจ.
03:46
Utanapishti also encouraged Gilgamesh to accept that death comes for everyone.
52
226996
6083
ืื•ื˜ื ืคื™ืฉื˜ื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ืืช ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื.
03:53
But Gilgamesh still would not budge.
53
233079
2375
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ.
03:55
So Utanapishti told him that if he could conquer sleep,
54
235829
3667
ืื– ืื•ื˜ื ืคื™ืฉื˜ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”,
03:59
the gods might grant him immortality.
55
239496
2833
ื”ืืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื ืืœืžื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:02
Gilgamesh intended to stay awake for seven days,
56
242329
3167
ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื,
04:06
but fell asleep immediately.
57
246038
2291
ืื‘ืœ ื ืจื“ื ืžื™ื“.
04:08
Utanapishti then told him about a magical plant that grew at the bottom of the ocean
58
248788
5416
ืื•ื˜ื ืคื™ืฉื˜ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืกื•ื ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:14
and granted eternal youth.
59
254204
2167
ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื—.
04:16
Though Gilgamesh successfully retrieved the plant,
60
256954
2917
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
04:19
a snake stole it on his way home.
61
259871
2625
ื ื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
04:22
But when Gilgamesh laid eyes on his beautiful city again,
62
262829
3542
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ืขื™ืจื• ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘,
04:26
he made peace with his mortality and vowed to spend his lifetime doing great deeds.
63
266913
6500
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืชืžื•ืชื” ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:34
He wrote his story on a lapis lazuli tablet
64
274246
3500
ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืœืคื™ืก ืœื–ื•ืœื™
04:37
and buried it under the city walls for future generations to find and learn from.
65
277746
5708
ื•ืงื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•.
04:43
The tablets uncovered in Nineveh
66
283954
1584
ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”
04:45
were part of the library of the Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal.
67
285538
4333
ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™, ืืฉื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืคืœ.
04:50
Though the story is mythical, Gilgamesh was probably a real king of Uruk.
68
290579
5334
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ืชื™, ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืง.
04:55
Versions of his tale date to 2000 BCE and perhaps even longer ago,
69
295913
6375
ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขื“ 2000 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:02
and still echo through literature today.
70
302288
2916
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7