Mysteries of vernacular: Yankee - Jessica Oreck and Rachael Teel

82,354 views ใƒป 2013-11-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:07
Mysteries of vernacular:
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ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™:
00:09
Yankee,
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ื™ืื ืงื™,
00:11
a New England resident
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ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“
00:12
or, more generally, a person who lives in
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ืื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™
00:15
or is from the United States.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื ื”.
00:18
Though the origin of Yankee is uncertain,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืื ืงื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:21
this all-American word most likely descended
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฆืืฆื
00:23
from the Dutch moniker Janke,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื™ืื ืงื”,
00:26
a diminutive meaning little Jan,
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ืฉื ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ื™ืืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ,
00:29
or little John.
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ืื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:31
In the 17th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17,
00:33
Janke was the common nickname of Dutch sailors,
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ื™ืื ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื,
00:36
pirates in particular.
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ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
00:39
A Dutch pirate ship operating in the West Indies
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช
00:41
was even called the Yankee.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืงืจืื” ื”ื™ืื ืงื™.
00:44
Over the years, Yankee transformed
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ืื ืงื™ ื ื”ืคืš
00:47
from a pirate's nickname
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ืžื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืคื™ืจืื˜
00:49
into a general term of contempt.
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ืœืžื™ืœืช ื’ื ืื™ ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
00:51
In 1758, British general James Wolfe
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ื‘ 1758, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืœืฃ
00:55
used Yankee as a pejorative term
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืื ืงื™ ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ืื™
00:58
for the colonists under his supervision.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื•.
01:01
But the insult wasn't limited to soldiers.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.
01:04
Yankee quickly came to mean New Englander,
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ื™ืื ืงื™ ื”ืคืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“,
01:08
and by the 1780s,
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ื•ืขื“ 1780,
01:10
it was used to look down
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืœืžืขืœื”
01:11
upon any American.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:14
During the Revolution,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
01:15
colonists co-opted Yankee
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ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื™ืื ืงื™
01:18
and transformed it into a mark of national honor.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
01:22
The Civil War, however,
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:23
intensified the derisive definition
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื”
01:26
when it was used by Southerners
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
01:28
to mock members of the Union.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
01:30
Today, it carries much less emotion,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉ,
01:33
unless, of course,
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ืืœื ืื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
01:35
we're talking about baseball.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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