The physics of surfing - Nick Pizzo

510,504 views ใƒป 2019-03-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Whether or not you realize it,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื• ืœื,
00:08
as a surfer youโ€™re a master of complicated physics.
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ื›ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืืชื ืืฉืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
00:15
The science of surfing begins
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
00:17
as soon as you and your board first hit the water.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ื•ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
00:21
The boardโ€™s size and light construction help it displace a lot of water.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืœ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื.
00:25
In turn, a buoyant force
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื›ื•ื— ืฆื™ืคื”
00:27
equal to the weight of the displaced water pushes up,
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื—ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืœืžืขืœื”,
00:31
counteracting you and your boardโ€™s weight.
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ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžืฉืงืœื›ื ื•ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ.
00:34
This lets you stay afloat while you wait to paddle for a wave.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื›ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืœื™ื.
00:38
And what exactly are you waiting for?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืชื ืžื—ื›ื™ื?
00:40
The perfect wave, of course.
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ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
00:42
Like other waves in physics, ocean waves represent a transfer of energy.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:49
Wind blowing across the ocean accelerates water particles near the surface,
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ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืื™ืฆื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
00:54
leading to the growth of ripples that become waves.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื™ื.
00:58
These deviations from the flat surface are acted upon by gravity,
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
01:02
which tries to restore the surface to its original flat state.
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
01:08
As the waves then move through the water,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื,
01:10
particles push and pull on their neighbors through the wave induced pressure,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœ,
01:16
and this motion propagates energy through the water in unison with the wave motion.
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ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
01:22
The motion of these particles
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ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:23
is much more limited than the overall motion of the waves.
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
01:27
Near the shore,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
01:28
the shallower seafloor constrains the motion of the waves
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ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื
01:32
to occur in a more limited region than out at sea,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื,
01:35
concentrating the wave energy near the surface.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:38
If the topography of the shoreline is even and smooth,
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ืื ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœืงื”,
01:42
this will refract the waves to become more
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ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
01:44
parallel to the shore as they approach.
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ืœืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื.
01:48
This is the crucial moment.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
01:50
As the wave gets near,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื,
01:51
you quickly pivot your board in the same direction as the wave
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ืืชื ืžื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืœ
01:55
and paddle to match its speed.
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:58
Your board forms an angle with the water,
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ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื•ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ื,
02:01
and this creates a dynamic pressure on the bottom of it,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืขืœ ืชื—ืชื™ืชื•,
02:05
forcing you and your board out of the water,
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืชื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื,
02:07
to skim along the surface.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:09
At the same time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
02:11
your increased forward momentum makes you more stable,
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ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืชื›ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
02:15
allowing you to stand up and surf along the wave.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ.
02:19
Now youโ€™ve caught the wave,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืคืกืชื ืืช ื”ื’ืœ,
02:20
and are riding along its front face parallel to the shoreline.
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ื•ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
02:24
Fins on the surfboard allow you to alter your speed and direction
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ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
02:29
by repositioning your weight.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœื›ื.
02:30
Above you is the waveโ€™s crest,
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ืžืขืœื™ื›ื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืœ,
02:33
where the water particles are undergoing their greatest acceleration.
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ืฉื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:37
That forces them to move faster than the underlying wave,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ืœ ืฉืžืชื—ืชื,
02:41
so they shoot ahead before falling under gravityโ€™s influence.
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ืื– ื”ื ื˜ืกื™ื ื”ืœืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
02:45
This forms the wavesโ€™ characteristic curls, or jets,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกืœืกื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ืื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:49
as they break along the shore.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
02:51
Sometimes, the curl might completely enclose part of the wave,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
02:55
forming a moving tube of water known as the barrel.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื ืข ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื—ื‘ื™ืช.
02:59
Because of irregularities in the seafloor and the swell itself,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
03:03
few barrels last as long as the legendary 27-second ride off the coast of Namibia.
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ืžืขื˜ ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืช 27 ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืคื™ ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”.
03:09
But many who manage to get barreled
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช
03:11
have said they feel time passing differently inside,
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ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
03:15
making it one of the most magical experiences a surfer can have.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืœืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช.
03:20
Of course,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
03:21
not all beaches are created equal.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
03:23
Offshore underwater canyons or rock formations
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ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกืœืขื™ื
03:27
in certain locations like Nazare, Portugal or Mavericks, California
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืืจื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืื• ื”ืžืื‘ืจื™ืงืก ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
03:31
refract the incoming wave energy into a single spot,
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช,
03:35
creating massive waves sought by surfers worldwide.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:40
And some of these waves travel for more than a week,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข,
03:43
with swells originating more than 10,000 kilometers away from shore.
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ืขื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
03:48
Waves surfed in sunny California
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ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžืฉื™ืช
03:50
may have originated in the stormy seas near New Zealand.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“.
03:55
So while you may not be thinking about weather patterns in the South Pacific,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™,
03:59
tectonic geology, or fluid mechanics,
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ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
04:02
the art of catching the perfect wave relies on all these things and more.
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ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
04:08
And the waves we surf, created by wind,
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—,
04:10
are just one visible part of the continuous oscillation of energy
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ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:15
that has shaped our universe since its very beginning.
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ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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