Five fingers of evolution - Paul Andersen

1,647,540 views ใƒป 2012-05-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Orr Schlesinger
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
00:14
The Five Fingers of Evolution.
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ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:17
A thorough understanding of biology
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื”
00:19
requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution.
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
00:23
Most people are familiar with the process of natural selection.
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00:26
However, this is just one of five processes
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:28
that can result in evolution.
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00:30
Before we discuss all five of these processes,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:33
we should define evolution.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:35
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื? ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืŸ?
00:39
But what is a gene pool?
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00:40
And for that matter, what is a gene?
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00:42
Before spending any more time on genetics,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:45
let us begin with a story.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
00:47
Imagine that a boat capsizes,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืกื™ืจื” ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช, ื•10 ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ ื ื™ื“ื—.
00:49
and 10 survivors swim to shore on a deserted island.
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00:52
They are never rescued,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:53
and they form a new population that exists for thousands of years.
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00:57
Strangely enough, five of the survivors have red hair.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™.
01:00
Red hair is created when a person inherits two copies
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ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื•.
01:03
of the red gene from their parents.
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01:05
If you only have one copy of the gene, you won't have red hair.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืง ื”ืขืชืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ื™ื—
01:09
To make this easier, we will assume
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ืฉื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืœื ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ.
01:11
that the five non-redheads are not carriers of the gene.
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01:14
The initial frequency of the red-hair gene is therefore 50 percent,
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™
ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืŸ 50%, ืื• 10 ืžืชื•ืš ืกืš 20 ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
01:18
or 10 of 20 total genes.
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01:20
These genes are the gene pool.
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
01:22
The 20 different genes are like cards in a deck
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20 ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืงืœืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืกื”
01:25
that keep getting reshuffled with each new generation.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:28
Sex is simply a reshuffling of the genetic deck.
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ืกืงืก ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื™ืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
ื”ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื;
01:33
The cards are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
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01:36
the deck remains the same, 50 percent red.
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ื”ื—ืคื™ืกื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื–ื”ื”, 50 ืื—ื•ื– ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™.
ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื;
01:40
The genes are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
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01:43
the gene pool remains the same, 50 percent red.
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ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ื–ื”ื”, 50 ืื—ื•ื– ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™.
01:47
Even though the population may grow in size over time,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืชื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:50
the frequency should stay at about 50 percent.
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ 50 ืื—ื•ื–.
01:53
If this frequency ever varies, then evolution has occurred.
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ืื ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชืฉืชื ื”, ืื– ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืงืจืชื”.
ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:57
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
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02:00
Think about it in terms of the cards.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœืคื™ื.
02:02
If the frequency of the cards in the deck ever changes,
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ืื ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืกื” ืชืฉืชื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
02:05
evolution has occurred.
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ืงืจืชื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
02:07
There are five processes that can cause the frequency to change.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
02:11
To remember these processes, we will use the fingers on your hands,
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02:15
starting from the little finger and moving to the thumb.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื’ื•ื“ืœ.
ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืชืžืฆื.
02:18
The little finger should remind you that the population can shrink.
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02:21
If the population shrinks, then chance can take over.
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ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืฆืชืžืฆืžืช, ื”ืžื–ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜.
02:24
For example, if only four individuals survive an epidemic,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื“ื• ืžื’ืคื”,
02:28
then their genes will represent the new gene pool.
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ืื– ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:31
The next finger is the ring finger.
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืžื™ืฆื” (ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช).
02:33
This finger should remind you of mating, because a ring represents a couple.
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืกืžืœืช ื–ื•ื’.
02:38
If individuals choose a mate based on their appearance or location,
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ืื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื,
ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:42
the frequency may change.
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02:43
If redheaded individuals only mate with redheaded individuals,
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ืื ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืจืง ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™,
02:47
they could eventually form a new population.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืขื ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™,
02:50
If no one ever mates with redheaded individuals,
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02:52
these genes could decrease.
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื.
02:54
The next finger is the middle finger.
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช.
ื”"ืž" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”"ืž" ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”."
02:56
The M in the middle finger should remind you of the M in the word "mutation."
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ืื ื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืกืฃ ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:00
If a new gene is added through mutation, it can affect the frequency.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:04
Imagine a gene mutation creates a new color of hair.
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03:07
This would obviously change the frequency in the gene pool.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
03:10
The pointer finger should remind you of movement.
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:12
If new individuals flow into an area, or immigrate,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื–ืจืžื• ืœืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ, ืื• ื™ื”ื’ืจื•,
03:16
the frequency will change.
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืชื ื”.
03:17
If individuals flow out of an area, or emigrate,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ืื• ื™ื”ื’ืจื•,
03:20
then the frequency will change.
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ืื– ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืชื ื”.
03:22
In science, we refer to this movement as gene flow.
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ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื’ื ื™ื.
ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
03:26
All four of the processes represented by our fingers can cause evolution.
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืœื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™,
03:31
Small population size, non-random mating,
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03:34
mutations and gene flow.
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื’ื ื™ื.
03:37
However, none of them lead to adaptation.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืืžื”.
03:39
Natural selection is the only process
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
03:42
that creates organisms better adapted to their local environment.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
03:46
I use the thumb to remember this process.
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03:48
Nature votes thumbs up for adaptations that will do well in their environment,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืžืกืชื’ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:52
and thumbs down to adaptations that will do poorly.
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ื•ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
03:55
The genes for individuals that are not adapted for their environment
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:59
will gradually be replaced by those that are better adapted.
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ื™ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
04:03
Red hair is an example of one of these adaptations.
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ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:06
Red hair is an advantage in the northern climates,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ
04:09
because the fair skin allowed ancestors to absorb more light
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ื•ืœื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืžืขืœื”!
04:13
and synthesize more vitamin D.
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04:15
Thumbs up!
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:16
However, this was a disadvantage in the more southern climates,
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04:19
where increased UV radiation led to cancer and decreased fertility.
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ื‘ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืช UV ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช.
ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืžื˜ื”!
04:24
Thumbs down!
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04:25
Even the thumb itself is an adaptation
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
04:27
formed through the process of natural selection.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืชืืจื ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
04:30
The evolution that we have described is referred to as microevolution,
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04:34
because it refers to a small change.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
04:36
However, this form of evolution
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื”
04:38
may eventually lead to macroevolution, or speciation.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืงืจื•-ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ื•ืœืง ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
04:42
Every organism on the planet shares ancestry with a single common ancestor.
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04:46
All living organisms on the planet are connected back in time
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:50
through the process of evolution.
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04:52
Take a look at your own hand.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื.
04:53
It's an engineering masterpiece
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ื–ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืชืืจืชื™,
04:55
that was created by the five processes I just described,
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04:58
over millions and millions of years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ?
05:01
Can you recall the five main causes of evolution from memory?
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05:04
If you can't, hit rewind and watch that part again.
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ืื ืœื, ืœื—ืฆื• ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
05:07
But if you can,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ, ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื• ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:08
give yourself or your neighbor a big five-fingered high five.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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