Five fingers of evolution - Paul Andersen

1,625,780 views ・ 2012-05-07

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
(Glazba)
00:14
The Five Fingers of Evolution.
0
14516
2095
Pet prstiju Evolucije.
00:17
A thorough understanding of biology
1
17252
2133
Temeljito razumijevanje biologije zahtjeva
00:19
requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution.
2
19409
3661
temeljito razumjevanje procesa evolucije.
Većina ljudi upoznata je sa procesom prirodne selekcije.
00:23
Most people are familiar with the process of natural selection.
3
23094
3152
00:26
However, this is just one of five processes
4
26270
2544
No ipak, ovo je samo jedan od pet procesa koji mogu rezultirati evolucijom.
00:28
that can result in evolution.
5
28838
1949
00:30
Before we discuss all five of these processes,
6
30811
2671
Prije nego li raspravimo o ovih pet procesa,
00:33
we should define evolution.
7
33506
1875
trebali bi definirati evoluciju.
00:35
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
8
35405
3625
Evolucija je jednostavno promjena genetskog bazena kroz vrijeme.
Ali što je to bazen gena? I kad smo kod toga, što je to gen?
00:39
But what is a gene pool?
9
39054
1249
00:40
And for that matter, what is a gene?
10
40327
2445
00:42
Before spending any more time on genetics,
11
42796
2180
Prije nego se osvrnemo na genetiku,
00:45
let us begin with a story.
12
45000
1868
dopustite da započnemo s pričom.
00:47
Imagine that a boat capsizes,
13
47677
1778
Zamislite da se brod prevrne, i deset preživjelih otpliva na obalu pustog otoka.
00:49
and 10 survivors swim to shore on a deserted island.
14
49479
3156
00:52
They are never rescued,
15
52659
1186
Nikad ih ne spase, i oni stvore novu populaciju koja postoji tisuće godina.
00:53
and they form a new population that exists for thousands of years.
16
53869
3637
00:57
Strangely enough, five of the survivors have red hair.
17
57530
3119
Začudo, pet preživjelih ima crvenu kosu.
01:00
Red hair is created when a person inherits two copies
18
60988
2880
Crvena kosa stvorena je kada osoba naslijedi dvije kopije crvenog gena od svojih roditelja.
01:03
of the red gene from their parents.
19
63892
1937
01:05
If you only have one copy of the gene, you won't have red hair.
20
65853
3246
Ako imate samo jednu kopiju ovog gena, nećete imati crvenu kosu.
Kako bi ovo bilo jednostavnije, pretpostavit ćemo
01:09
To make this easier, we will assume
21
69123
1853
da ovih pet koji nemaju crvenu kosu nisu nositelji gena.
01:11
that the five non-redheads are not carriers of the gene.
22
71000
3523
01:14
The initial frequency of the red-hair gene is therefore 50 percent,
23
74547
3607
Početna učestalost gena za crvenu kosu
je dakle 50 posto, ili 10 od 20 mogućih gena.
01:18
or 10 of 20 total genes.
24
78178
2082
01:20
These genes are the gene pool.
25
80832
1777
Ovi geni su u genetskom bazenu.
01:22
The 20 different genes are like cards in a deck
26
82998
2687
Ovih 20 različitih gena je kao karte u špilu
01:25
that keep getting reshuffled with each new generation.
27
85709
3194
koje se miješaju sa svakom novom generacijom.
01:28
Sex is simply a reshuffling of the genetic deck.
28
88927
3300
Seks je jednostavno miješanje genetskog špila.
Karte su promiješane i prosljeđuju se na sljedeću generaciju;
01:33
The cards are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
29
93227
3664
01:36
the deck remains the same, 50 percent red.
30
96915
2671
špil ostaje jednak, 50 posto crven.
Geni se ispremiješaju i šalju se na sljedeću generaciju;
01:40
The genes are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
31
100221
3669
01:43
the gene pool remains the same, 50 percent red.
32
103914
3235
a genetski bazen ostaje isti, 50 posto crven.
01:47
Even though the population may grow in size over time,
33
107877
2994
Iako će populacija rasti u veličini kroz vrijeme,
01:50
the frequency should stay at about 50 percent.
34
110895
2603
učestalost će ostati na otprilike 50 posto.
01:53
If this frequency ever varies, then evolution has occurred.
35
113874
3182
Ako ova učestalost ikad varira, nastupila je evolucija.
Evolucija je jednostavno promjena genetskog bazena kroz vrijeme.
01:57
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
36
117080
3190
02:00
Think about it in terms of the cards.
37
120719
2126
Razmislite o tome kroz karte.
02:02
If the frequency of the cards in the deck ever changes,
38
122869
2915
Ako se učestalost karata u špilu ikad promijeni,
02:05
evolution has occurred.
39
125808
1553
pojavila se evolucija.
02:07
There are five processes that can cause the frequency to change.
40
127385
3944
Postoji pet procesa koji mogu uzrokovati izmjenu učestalosti.
Kako bismo se sjetili ovih procesa, koristit ćemo prste na rukama,
02:11
To remember these processes, we will use the fingers on your hands,
41
131353
3623
02:15
starting from the little finger and moving to the thumb.
42
135000
3105
počevši s malim prstom i krećući se prema palcu.
Mali prst bi vas trebao podsjećati kako se populacija može smanjiti.
02:18
The little finger should remind you that the population can shrink.
43
138129
3592
02:21
If the population shrinks, then chance can take over.
44
141745
2750
Ako se populacija smanji, šansa može prevladati.
02:24
For example, if only four individuals survive an epidemic,
45
144989
3553
Naprimjer, ako samo četiri subjekta prežive epidemiju,
02:28
then their genes will represent the new gene pool.
46
148566
2798
njihovi geni će predstavljati novi genetski bazen.
02:31
The next finger is the ring finger.
47
151958
1822
Sljedeći prsten je prstenjak.
02:33
This finger should remind you of mating, because a ring represents a couple.
48
153804
4134
Ovaj prst trebao bi vas podsjećati na parenje, jer prsten predstavlja par.
02:38
If individuals choose a mate based on their appearance or location,
49
158428
3629
Ako pojedinac odabere par na osnovu izgleda ili lokacije,
učestalost se može promijeniti.
02:42
the frequency may change.
50
162081
1684
02:43
If redheaded individuals only mate with redheaded individuals,
51
163789
3581
Ako se crvenokosi pojedinici razmnožavaju samo sa crvenokosima,
02:47
they could eventually form a new population.
52
167394
2166
mogli bi stvoriti novu populaciju.
Ako se nitko nikad ne razmnožava sa crvenokosim pojedincima.
02:50
If no one ever mates with redheaded individuals,
53
170080
2462
02:52
these genes could decrease.
54
172566
1690
ovi geni mogli bi se smanjiti.
02:54
The next finger is the middle finger.
55
174280
1762
Sljedeći prst je srednjak.
Slovo M trebalo bi vas podsjećati na M u riječi "mutacija."
02:56
The M in the middle finger should remind you of the M in the word "mutation."
56
176066
3977
Ako se novi gen doda kroz mutaciju, on će utjecati na učestalost.
03:00
If a new gene is added through mutation, it can affect the frequency.
57
180067
3627
Zamislite da mutacija gena stvori novu boju kose.
03:04
Imagine a gene mutation creates a new color of hair.
58
184128
3222
03:07
This would obviously change the frequency in the gene pool.
59
187374
2954
Ovo bi očito izmjenilo učestalost genetskog bazena.
03:10
The pointer finger should remind you of movement.
60
190352
2532
Kažiprst bi vas trebao podsjećati na kretanje.
03:12
If new individuals flow into an area, or immigrate,
61
192908
3275
Ako pojedinci nahrle u određeno područje, ili dosele,
03:16
the frequency will change.
62
196207
1531
učestalost će se izmjeniti.
03:17
If individuals flow out of an area, or emigrate,
63
197762
2863
Ako pojedinci napuste područje, ili odsele,
03:20
then the frequency will change.
64
200649
1480
onda će se promijeniti učestalost.
03:22
In science, we refer to this movement as gene flow.
65
202153
3640
U znanosti, ovo kretanje je fluktuacija gena.
Sva četiri procesa koja predstavljaju naši prsti mogu uzrokovati evoluciju.
03:26
All four of the processes represented by our fingers can cause evolution.
66
206365
4657
Mala populacija, planirano razmnožavanje,
03:31
Small population size, non-random mating,
67
211046
3375
03:34
mutations and gene flow.
68
214445
2531
mutacije i genetska fluktuacija.
03:37
However, none of them lead to adaptation.
69
217000
2899
No, niti jedan od ovih procesa ne vodi do prilagođavanja.
03:39
Natural selection is the only process
70
219923
2231
Prirodna selekcija jedini je proces
koji stvara organizme koji su bolje prilagođeni svom lokalnom okolišu.
03:42
that creates organisms better adapted to their local environment.
71
222178
3555
Koristim palac kako bih se sjećao ovog procesa.
03:46
I use the thumb to remember this process.
72
226061
2375
03:48
Nature votes thumbs up for adaptations that will do well in their environment,
73
228460
4138
Priroda pokazuje palac gore za prilagodbe koje će dobro funkcionirati u okolišu,
03:52
and thumbs down to adaptations that will do poorly.
74
232622
2697
i palac dolje za prilagodbe koje neće biti korisne.
03:55
The genes for individuals that are not adapted for their environment
75
235741
3825
Geni za pojedince koji nisu prilagođeni za svoj okoliš
03:59
will gradually be replaced by those that are better adapted.
76
239590
3075
će postupno biti zamijenjeni sa onima koji su bolje prilagođeni.
Crvena kosa je jedan od primjera ovih prilagodbi.
04:03
Red hair is an example of one of these adaptations.
77
243183
2807
Crvena kosa prednost je u sjevernijim klimama,
04:06
Red hair is an advantage in the northern climates,
78
246379
2694
jer je svijetla koža dozvoljavala precima da absorbiraju više svjetlosti
04:09
because the fair skin allowed ancestors to absorb more light
79
249097
4051
i sintetiziraju više vitamina D. Palac gore!
04:13
and synthesize more vitamin D.
80
253172
2044
04:15
Thumbs up!
81
255240
1205
No, ovo je bio nedostatak u južnijim klimama,
04:16
However, this was a disadvantage in the more southern climates,
82
256469
2953
04:19
where increased UV radiation led to cancer and decreased fertility.
83
259446
4845
gdje je povećano UV zračenje vodilo do raka i smanjene plodnosti.
Palac dolje!
04:24
Thumbs down!
84
264315
1261
04:25
Even the thumb itself is an adaptation
85
265600
1983
Čak je i palac prilagodba nastala kroz proces prirodnog odabira.
04:27
formed through the process of natural selection.
86
267607
2358
Evolucija koju smo opisali naziva se mikroevolucija,
04:30
The evolution that we have described is referred to as microevolution,
87
270694
3876
04:34
because it refers to a small change.
88
274594
2028
jer se odnosi na male promjene.
04:36
However, this form of evolution
89
276646
1517
No ipak, ovakav oblik evolucije može
04:38
may eventually lead to macroevolution, or speciation.
90
278187
3237
voditi do makroevolucije, ili specijacije.
Svaki organizam na planeti dijeli porijeklo sa jednim zajedničkim pretkom.
04:42
Every organism on the planet shares ancestry with a single common ancestor.
91
282035
4254
04:46
All living organisms on the planet are connected back in time
92
286858
3259
Svi živi organizmi su povezani gledano unatrag kroz vrijeme
kroz proces evolucije.
04:50
through the process of evolution.
93
290141
1664
04:52
Take a look at your own hand.
94
292420
1500
Pogledajte vlastitu ruku.
04:53
It's an engineering masterpiece
95
293944
1662
To je inžinjersko remekdjelo koje je stvoreno putem ovih pet procesa koje sam upravo opisao,
04:55
that was created by the five processes I just described,
96
295630
3001
04:58
over millions and millions of years.
97
298655
1884
kroz milijune i milijune godina.
Sjećate li se pet glavnih uzroka evolucije na pamet?
05:01
Can you recall the five main causes of evolution from memory?
98
301101
3503
05:04
If you can't, hit rewind and watch that part again.
99
304628
2654
Ako ne, pogledajte taj dio ponovno.
05:07
But if you can,
100
307706
1235
05:08
give yourself or your neighbor a big five-fingered high five.
101
308965
4565
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7