Five fingers of evolution - Paul Andersen

1,638,447 views ・ 2012-05-07

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
(Glazba)
00:14
The Five Fingers of Evolution.
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Pet prstiju Evolucije.
00:17
A thorough understanding of biology
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Temeljito razumijevanje biologije zahtjeva
00:19
requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution.
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temeljito razumjevanje procesa evolucije.
Većina ljudi upoznata je sa procesom prirodne selekcije.
00:23
Most people are familiar with the process of natural selection.
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00:26
However, this is just one of five processes
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No ipak, ovo je samo jedan od pet procesa koji mogu rezultirati evolucijom.
00:28
that can result in evolution.
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00:30
Before we discuss all five of these processes,
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Prije nego li raspravimo o ovih pet procesa,
00:33
we should define evolution.
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trebali bi definirati evoluciju.
00:35
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
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Evolucija je jednostavno promjena genetskog bazena kroz vrijeme.
Ali što je to bazen gena? I kad smo kod toga, što je to gen?
00:39
But what is a gene pool?
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00:40
And for that matter, what is a gene?
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00:42
Before spending any more time on genetics,
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Prije nego se osvrnemo na genetiku,
00:45
let us begin with a story.
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dopustite da započnemo s pričom.
00:47
Imagine that a boat capsizes,
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Zamislite da se brod prevrne, i deset preživjelih otpliva na obalu pustog otoka.
00:49
and 10 survivors swim to shore on a deserted island.
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00:52
They are never rescued,
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Nikad ih ne spase, i oni stvore novu populaciju koja postoji tisuće godina.
00:53
and they form a new population that exists for thousands of years.
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00:57
Strangely enough, five of the survivors have red hair.
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Začudo, pet preživjelih ima crvenu kosu.
01:00
Red hair is created when a person inherits two copies
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Crvena kosa stvorena je kada osoba naslijedi dvije kopije crvenog gena od svojih roditelja.
01:03
of the red gene from their parents.
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01:05
If you only have one copy of the gene, you won't have red hair.
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Ako imate samo jednu kopiju ovog gena, nećete imati crvenu kosu.
Kako bi ovo bilo jednostavnije, pretpostavit ćemo
01:09
To make this easier, we will assume
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da ovih pet koji nemaju crvenu kosu nisu nositelji gena.
01:11
that the five non-redheads are not carriers of the gene.
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01:14
The initial frequency of the red-hair gene is therefore 50 percent,
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Početna učestalost gena za crvenu kosu
je dakle 50 posto, ili 10 od 20 mogućih gena.
01:18
or 10 of 20 total genes.
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01:20
These genes are the gene pool.
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Ovi geni su u genetskom bazenu.
01:22
The 20 different genes are like cards in a deck
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Ovih 20 različitih gena je kao karte u špilu
01:25
that keep getting reshuffled with each new generation.
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koje se miješaju sa svakom novom generacijom.
01:28
Sex is simply a reshuffling of the genetic deck.
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Seks je jednostavno miješanje genetskog špila.
Karte su promiješane i prosljeđuju se na sljedeću generaciju;
01:33
The cards are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
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01:36
the deck remains the same, 50 percent red.
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špil ostaje jednak, 50 posto crven.
Geni se ispremiješaju i šalju se na sljedeću generaciju;
01:40
The genes are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
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01:43
the gene pool remains the same, 50 percent red.
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a genetski bazen ostaje isti, 50 posto crven.
01:47
Even though the population may grow in size over time,
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Iako će populacija rasti u veličini kroz vrijeme,
01:50
the frequency should stay at about 50 percent.
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učestalost će ostati na otprilike 50 posto.
01:53
If this frequency ever varies, then evolution has occurred.
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Ako ova učestalost ikad varira, nastupila je evolucija.
Evolucija je jednostavno promjena genetskog bazena kroz vrijeme.
01:57
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
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02:00
Think about it in terms of the cards.
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Razmislite o tome kroz karte.
02:02
If the frequency of the cards in the deck ever changes,
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Ako se učestalost karata u špilu ikad promijeni,
02:05
evolution has occurred.
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pojavila se evolucija.
02:07
There are five processes that can cause the frequency to change.
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Postoji pet procesa koji mogu uzrokovati izmjenu učestalosti.
Kako bismo se sjetili ovih procesa, koristit ćemo prste na rukama,
02:11
To remember these processes, we will use the fingers on your hands,
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02:15
starting from the little finger and moving to the thumb.
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počevši s malim prstom i krećući se prema palcu.
Mali prst bi vas trebao podsjećati kako se populacija može smanjiti.
02:18
The little finger should remind you that the population can shrink.
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02:21
If the population shrinks, then chance can take over.
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Ako se populacija smanji, šansa može prevladati.
02:24
For example, if only four individuals survive an epidemic,
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Naprimjer, ako samo četiri subjekta prežive epidemiju,
02:28
then their genes will represent the new gene pool.
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njihovi geni će predstavljati novi genetski bazen.
02:31
The next finger is the ring finger.
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Sljedeći prsten je prstenjak.
02:33
This finger should remind you of mating, because a ring represents a couple.
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Ovaj prst trebao bi vas podsjećati na parenje, jer prsten predstavlja par.
02:38
If individuals choose a mate based on their appearance or location,
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Ako pojedinac odabere par na osnovu izgleda ili lokacije,
učestalost se može promijeniti.
02:42
the frequency may change.
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02:43
If redheaded individuals only mate with redheaded individuals,
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Ako se crvenokosi pojedinici razmnožavaju samo sa crvenokosima,
02:47
they could eventually form a new population.
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mogli bi stvoriti novu populaciju.
Ako se nitko nikad ne razmnožava sa crvenokosim pojedincima.
02:50
If no one ever mates with redheaded individuals,
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02:52
these genes could decrease.
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ovi geni mogli bi se smanjiti.
02:54
The next finger is the middle finger.
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Sljedeći prst je srednjak.
Slovo M trebalo bi vas podsjećati na M u riječi "mutacija."
02:56
The M in the middle finger should remind you of the M in the word "mutation."
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Ako se novi gen doda kroz mutaciju, on će utjecati na učestalost.
03:00
If a new gene is added through mutation, it can affect the frequency.
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Zamislite da mutacija gena stvori novu boju kose.
03:04
Imagine a gene mutation creates a new color of hair.
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03:07
This would obviously change the frequency in the gene pool.
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Ovo bi očito izmjenilo učestalost genetskog bazena.
03:10
The pointer finger should remind you of movement.
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Kažiprst bi vas trebao podsjećati na kretanje.
03:12
If new individuals flow into an area, or immigrate,
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Ako pojedinci nahrle u određeno područje, ili dosele,
03:16
the frequency will change.
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učestalost će se izmjeniti.
03:17
If individuals flow out of an area, or emigrate,
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Ako pojedinci napuste područje, ili odsele,
03:20
then the frequency will change.
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onda će se promijeniti učestalost.
03:22
In science, we refer to this movement as gene flow.
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U znanosti, ovo kretanje je fluktuacija gena.
Sva četiri procesa koja predstavljaju naši prsti mogu uzrokovati evoluciju.
03:26
All four of the processes represented by our fingers can cause evolution.
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Mala populacija, planirano razmnožavanje,
03:31
Small population size, non-random mating,
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03:34
mutations and gene flow.
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mutacije i genetska fluktuacija.
03:37
However, none of them lead to adaptation.
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No, niti jedan od ovih procesa ne vodi do prilagođavanja.
03:39
Natural selection is the only process
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Prirodna selekcija jedini je proces
koji stvara organizme koji su bolje prilagođeni svom lokalnom okolišu.
03:42
that creates organisms better adapted to their local environment.
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Koristim palac kako bih se sjećao ovog procesa.
03:46
I use the thumb to remember this process.
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03:48
Nature votes thumbs up for adaptations that will do well in their environment,
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Priroda pokazuje palac gore za prilagodbe koje će dobro funkcionirati u okolišu,
03:52
and thumbs down to adaptations that will do poorly.
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i palac dolje za prilagodbe koje neće biti korisne.
03:55
The genes for individuals that are not adapted for their environment
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Geni za pojedince koji nisu prilagođeni za svoj okoliš
03:59
will gradually be replaced by those that are better adapted.
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će postupno biti zamijenjeni sa onima koji su bolje prilagođeni.
Crvena kosa je jedan od primjera ovih prilagodbi.
04:03
Red hair is an example of one of these adaptations.
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Crvena kosa prednost je u sjevernijim klimama,
04:06
Red hair is an advantage in the northern climates,
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jer je svijetla koža dozvoljavala precima da absorbiraju više svjetlosti
04:09
because the fair skin allowed ancestors to absorb more light
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i sintetiziraju više vitamina D. Palac gore!
04:13
and synthesize more vitamin D.
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04:15
Thumbs up!
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No, ovo je bio nedostatak u južnijim klimama,
04:16
However, this was a disadvantage in the more southern climates,
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04:19
where increased UV radiation led to cancer and decreased fertility.
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gdje je povećano UV zračenje vodilo do raka i smanjene plodnosti.
Palac dolje!
04:24
Thumbs down!
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04:25
Even the thumb itself is an adaptation
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Čak je i palac prilagodba nastala kroz proces prirodnog odabira.
04:27
formed through the process of natural selection.
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Evolucija koju smo opisali naziva se mikroevolucija,
04:30
The evolution that we have described is referred to as microevolution,
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04:34
because it refers to a small change.
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jer se odnosi na male promjene.
04:36
However, this form of evolution
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No ipak, ovakav oblik evolucije može
04:38
may eventually lead to macroevolution, or speciation.
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voditi do makroevolucije, ili specijacije.
Svaki organizam na planeti dijeli porijeklo sa jednim zajedničkim pretkom.
04:42
Every organism on the planet shares ancestry with a single common ancestor.
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04:46
All living organisms on the planet are connected back in time
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Svi živi organizmi su povezani gledano unatrag kroz vrijeme
kroz proces evolucije.
04:50
through the process of evolution.
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04:52
Take a look at your own hand.
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Pogledajte vlastitu ruku.
04:53
It's an engineering masterpiece
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To je inžinjersko remekdjelo koje je stvoreno putem ovih pet procesa koje sam upravo opisao,
04:55
that was created by the five processes I just described,
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04:58
over millions and millions of years.
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kroz milijune i milijune godina.
Sjećate li se pet glavnih uzroka evolucije na pamet?
05:01
Can you recall the five main causes of evolution from memory?
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05:04
If you can't, hit rewind and watch that part again.
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Ako ne, pogledajte taj dio ponovno.
05:07
But if you can,
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05:08
give yourself or your neighbor a big five-fingered high five.
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