Five fingers of evolution - Paul Andersen

1,581,854 views ・ 2012-05-07

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: naeun kim κ²€ν† : Han Jungran
(μŒμ•…)
00:14
The Five Fingers of Evolution.
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λ‹€μ„― μ†κ°€λ½μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ” 진화
00:17
A thorough understanding of biology
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생물학을 μ™„μ „νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄
00:19
requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution.
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μ§„ν™”μ˜ 과정을 μ™„μ „νžˆ 이해해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μžμ—° μ„ νƒμ˜ 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ 잘 μ•Œκ³ μžˆμ£ .
00:23
Most people are familiar with the process of natural selection.
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00:26
However, this is just one of five processes
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 닀섯가지 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ³Όμ •λ§Œμ΄ μ§„ν™”λ‘œ κ·€κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
that can result in evolution.
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00:30
Before we discuss all five of these processes,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 λ‹€μ„―κ°€μ§€μ˜ 과정에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όν•˜κΈ° 전에,
00:33
we should define evolution.
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'진화'의 μ •μ˜λ₯Ό λ¨Όμ € μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:35
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
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μ§„ν™”λŠ” μ‹œμ‹œκ°κ° μœ μ „μžν’€μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ‰½κ²Œ λ³€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
근데 μœ μ „μžν’€μ΄ λ­˜κΉŒμš”? 그럼 μœ μ „μžλŠ” 뭐죠?
00:39
But what is a gene pool?
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00:40
And for that matter, what is a gene?
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00:42
Before spending any more time on genetics,
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ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ μœ μ „μžν•™μ— κ΄€ν•œ
00:45
let us begin with a story.
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μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
Imagine that a boat capsizes,
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λ³΄νŠΈκ°€ λ’€μ§‘νžˆκ³  10λͺ…μ˜ μƒμ‘΄μžκ°€ 버렀진 μ„¬μœΌλ‘œ 헀엄쳐 κ°„λ‹€κ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
00:49
and 10 survivors swim to shore on a deserted island.
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00:52
They are never rescued,
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그듀은 κ΅¬μ‘°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ±°μ—μš”. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μˆ˜μ²œλ…„κ°„ μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄μ˜¨ 인ꡬλ₯Ό
00:53
and they form a new population that exists for thousands of years.
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00:57
Strangely enough, five of the survivors have red hair.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–‘νƒœλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±ν•΄λ‚Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. κΈ°μ΄ν•˜κ²Œλ„, μƒμ‘΄μžμ˜ λ‹€μ„― λͺ…은 λΉ¨κ°„ λ¨Έλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Red hair is created when a person inherits two copies
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이 λΉ¨κ°„ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λΉ¨κ°„ 머리의 μœ μ „μž λ‘κ°œλ₯Ό λ¬Όλ €λ°›μ•„μ•Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
of the red gene from their parents.
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01:05
If you only have one copy of the gene, you won't have red hair.
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λΉ¨κ°„ 머리 μœ μ „μž ν•œ 짝만 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ λΉ¨κ°„ 머리가 μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μ£ .
그럼 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
01:09
To make this easier, we will assume
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λΉ¨κ°„ 머리 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ‰½κ²Œ μΆ”λ‘ ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 있겠죠.
01:11
that the five non-redheads are not carriers of the gene.
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01:14
The initial frequency of the red-hair gene is therefore 50 percent,
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 졜초의 λΉ¨κ°„ 머리 μœ μ „μžμ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μ€
전체 μœ μ „μžμ˜ 10/20인 50νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
or 10 of 20 total genes.
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01:20
These genes are the gene pool.
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이 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ μœ μ „μžν’€μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜μ£ .
01:22
The 20 different genes are like cards in a deck
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 슀무개의 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ€
01:25
that keep getting reshuffled with each new generation.
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μ„ΈλŒ€λ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€μ‹œ μ„žμ΄κ³  μ„žμ΄λŠ” μΉ΄λ“œ ν•œ 벌과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Sex is simply a reshuffling of the genetic deck.
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성별은 κ·Έμ € μœ μ „μž ν•œ 벌이 μ„žμ΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μΉ΄λ“œκ°€ μ„žμΈ λ‹€μŒμ— λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:33
The cards are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
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01:36
the deck remains the same, 50 percent red.
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λŒ€μ‹  ν•œ λ²Œμ€ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 절반이 λΉ¨κ°„ 머리인 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μœ μ „μžλ“€λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ μž¬μ‘°ν•©λ˜κ³  κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:40
The genes are reshuffled and passed to the next generation;
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01:43
the gene pool remains the same, 50 percent red.
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μœ μ „μžν’€μ€ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 50%κ°€ λΉ¨κ°„ λ¨Έλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
Even though the population may grow in size over time,
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심지어 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ 인ꡬ μˆ˜κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•œλ‹€κ³  해도,
01:50
the frequency should stay at about 50 percent.
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λΉ„μœ¨μ€ 50νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
If this frequency ever varies, then evolution has occurred.
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λ§Œμ•½ 이 λΉ„μœ¨μ— λ³€ν™”κ°€ 생긴닀면, 진화가 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ κ±°μ£ .
μ§„ν™”λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 지남에 따라 μœ μ „μžν’€μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ‰½κ²Œ λ³€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Evolution is simply change in the gene pool over time.
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02:00
Think about it in terms of the cards.
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μΉ΄λ“œλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
02:02
If the frequency of the cards in the deck ever changes,
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λ§Œμ•½ ν•œ 팩의 μΉ΄λ“œμ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μ— λ³€ν™”κ°€ 생긴닀면,
02:05
evolution has occurred.
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진화가 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
There are five processes that can cause the frequency to change.
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λΉ„μœ¨ λ³€ν™”μ˜ μš”μΈμ—λŠ” λ‹€μ„― 가지가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 과정을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μƒˆλΌμ†κ°€λ½λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
02:11
To remember these processes, we will use the fingers on your hands,
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02:15
starting from the little finger and moving to the thumb.
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엄지μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 손을 μ“Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μƒˆλΌμ†κ°€λ½μ€ 인ꡬ가 κ°μ†Œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
The little finger should remind you that the population can shrink.
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02:21
If the population shrinks, then chance can take over.
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λ§Œμ•½ 인ꡬ가 κ°μ†Œν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λΉ„μœ¨ λ³€ν™”μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성은 높아지죠.
02:24
For example, if only four individuals survive an epidemic,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λ§Œμ•½ μ „μ—Όλ³‘μ—μ„œ λ„€ λͺ…이 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜λ‹€λ©΄,
02:28
then their genes will represent the new gene pool.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μžν’€μ„ λŒ€ν‘œν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:31
The next finger is the ring finger.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ 약지(ring finger)λ₯Ό λ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
02:33
This finger should remind you of mating, because a ring represents a couple.
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이 손가락은 짝짓기λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ . λ°˜μ§€(ring)λŠ” λΆ€λΆ€λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:38
If individuals choose a mate based on their appearance or location,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ™Έλͺ¨λ‚˜ κ±°μ£Όμ§€λ‘œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 짝을 μ„ νƒν•œλ‹€λ©΄
μœ μ „μž λΉ„μœ¨μ€ λ³€ν•˜κ² μ£ .
02:42
the frequency may change.
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02:43
If redheaded individuals only mate with redheaded individuals,
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λ§Œμ•½ λΉ¨κ°„ 머리λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λΌλ¦¬λ§Œ 짝을 μ§“λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
02:47
they could eventually form a new population.
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그듀은 κ²°κ΅­ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 인ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λ§Œμ•½ 아무도 λΉ¨κ°„ 머리와 κ²°ν˜Όν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄,
02:50
If no one ever mates with redheaded individuals,
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02:52
these genes could decrease.
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이 μœ μ „μžλŠ” κ°μ†Œν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
The next finger is the middle finger.
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λ‹€μŒ 손가락은 μ€‘μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
쀑지(middle finger)의 m은 'λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄(mutation)'λ₯Ό μ—°μƒμ‹œν‚€μ£ .
02:56
The M in the middle finger should remind you of the M in the word "mutation."
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λ§Œμ•½ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜λ©΄, λΉ„μœ¨μ— 영ν–₯을 끼칠 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
If a new gene is added through mutation, it can affect the frequency.
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μœ μ „μž λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 머리 색을 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€κ³  상상해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:04
Imagine a gene mutation creates a new color of hair.
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03:07
This would obviously change the frequency in the gene pool.
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틀림없이 μœ μ „μžν’€μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μ„ λ°”κΎΈκ² μ£ .
03:10
The pointer finger should remind you of movement.
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μ§€μ‹œν•  λ•Œ μ“°λŠ” κ²€μ§€λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” 행동듀을 μƒμ§•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
If new individuals flow into an area, or immigrate,
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λ§Œμ•½ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ–΄λ–€ μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ±°λ‚˜ μ΄μ£Όν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
03:16
the frequency will change.
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μ—­μ‹œ μœ μ „μž λΉ„μœ¨μ€ λ³€ν•˜κ² μ£ .
03:17
If individuals flow out of an area, or emigrate,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ–΄λ–€ μž₯μ†Œ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜κ°€κ±°λ‚˜ 이주해 λ‚˜κ°„λ‹€λ©΄,
03:20
then the frequency will change.
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μœ μ „μž λΉ„μœ¨μ€ λ³€ν™”ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
In science, we refer to this movement as gene flow.
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κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ 두고 μœ μ „μž 흐름이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
우리의 μ†κ°€λ½μœΌλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œ 넀가지 방법듀이 진화λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:26
All four of the processes represented by our fingers can cause evolution.
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μž‘μ€ 인ꡬ 규λͺ¨, κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ 짝짓기
03:31
Small population size, non-random mating,
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03:34
mutations and gene flow.
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λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄, μœ μ „μž 흐름.
03:37
However, none of them lead to adaptation.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ° 쀑 아무것도 적응을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ£ .
03:39
Natural selection is the only process
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μžμ—°μ  선택은 지역 ν™˜κ²½μ— 더 잘 μ μ‘ν•œ
유기체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 과정일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
that creates organisms better adapted to their local environment.
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이걸 엄지에 λŒ€μž…ν•΄λ³΄μ£ .
03:46
I use the thumb to remember this process.
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03:48
Nature votes thumbs up for adaptations that will do well in their environment,
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μžμ—°μ€ ν™˜κ²½μ— 잘 μ μ‘ν•œ μͺ½μ—λŠ” μ°¬μ„±ν•  것이고,
03:52
and thumbs down to adaptations that will do poorly.
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잘 μ μ‘ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ μͺ½μ—λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
The genes for individuals that are not adapted for their environment
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν™˜κ²½μ— 잘 μ μ‘ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μœ μ „μžλŠ”
03:59
will gradually be replaced by those that are better adapted.
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점차적으둜 적응이 잘 된 μœ μ „μžλ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄λ  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΉ¨κ°„ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” 이런 μ μ‘μ˜ 예이죠.
04:03
Red hair is an example of one of these adaptations.
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λΉ¨κ°„ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” 뢁μͺ½ κΈ°ν›„μ—μ„œ λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ΄μ£ .
04:06
Red hair is an advantage in the northern climates,
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쑰상듀이 흰 ν”ΌλΆ€λ‘œ 더 λ§Žμ€ 햇빛을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³ 
04:09
because the fair skin allowed ancestors to absorb more light
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더 λ§Žμ€ 비타민 D 광합성을 ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μžμ—° μ°¬μ„±!
04:13
and synthesize more vitamin D.
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04:15
Thumbs up!
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이런 νŠΉμ§•μ΄ 남μͺ½ κΈ°ν›„μ—μ„œλŠ” UV 볡사 μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ 암을 μœ λ°œν•˜κ³ 
04:16
However, this was a disadvantage in the more southern climates,
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04:19
where increased UV radiation led to cancer and decreased fertility.
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생식λ ₯의 κ°μ†Œλ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” 뢈이읡이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ£ .
μžμ—° λ°˜λŒ€!
04:24
Thumbs down!
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04:25
Even the thumb itself is an adaptation
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엄지손가락 μžμ²΄λ„ μžμ—° μ„ νƒμ˜ 과정을 톡해 ν˜•μ„±λœ μ μ‘μ˜ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
formed through the process of natural selection.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œ 이 진화λ₯Ό μ†Œμ§„ν™”λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”데,
04:30
The evolution that we have described is referred to as microevolution,
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04:34
because it refers to a small change.
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μ†Œμ§„ν™”λŠ” μž‘μ€ λ³€ν™”λΌλŠ” λœ»μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
However, this form of evolution
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 μ§„ν™”μ˜ ν˜•μ„±μ€ κ²°κ΅­
04:38
may eventually lead to macroevolution, or speciation.
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μ†Œμ§„ν™”λ‚˜ μ’… ν˜•μ„±μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ“€μ€ ν•œ 개의 곡톡적 쑰상을 κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
Every organism on the planet shares ancestry with a single common ancestor.
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04:46
All living organisms on the planet are connected back in time
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μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ“€μ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 거슬러보면
μ§„ν™”μ˜ 과정을 톡해 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
04:50
through the process of evolution.
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04:52
Take a look at your own hand.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 손을 ν•œ 번 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:53
It's an engineering masterpiece
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κ·Έ 손은 μ œκ°€ 방금 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆλ˜ λ‹€μ„― 가지 과정에 μ˜ν•΄
04:55
that was created by the five processes I just described,
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04:58
over millions and millions of years.
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μˆ˜λ°±λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ κ³΅ν•™κΈ°μˆ μ μΈ μž‘ν’ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€, λ‹€μ‹œ μ§„ν™”μ˜ λ‹€μ„― 가지 μš”μΈμ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:01
Can you recall the five main causes of evolution from memory?
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05:04
If you can't, hit rewind and watch that part again.
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λ§Œμ•½ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œ 번 λ³΅μŠ΅ν•΄λ³΄μ£ .
05:07
But if you can,
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05:08
give yourself or your neighbor a big five-fingered high five.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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