How to see with sound - Jacques S. Abramowicz

395,618 views ใƒป 2021-04-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
In a pitch-black cave, bats canโ€™t see much.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
00:09
But even with their eyes shut,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
00:11
they can navigate rocky topography at incredible speeds.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืกืœืขื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
00:15
This is because a batโ€™s flight isnโ€™t just guided by its eyes,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืกืช ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืœื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
00:19
but rather, by its ears.
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ืืœื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
00:21
It may seem impossible to see with sound,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื•ืœ,
00:24
but bats, naval officers, and doctors do it all the time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ื™ืžืื™ื, ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:28
using the unique properties of ultrasound.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“.
00:32
All sound is created when molecules in the air, water,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื,
00:36
or any other medium vibrate in a pulsing wave.
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ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœ ืคื•ืขื.
00:40
The distance between each peak determines the waveโ€™s frequency,
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
00:44
measured as cycles per second, or hertz.
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ืฉื ืžื“ื“ ื›ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืจืฅ.
00:47
This means that over the same amount of time,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
00:50
a high frequency wave will complete more cycles than a low frequency one.
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ื’ืœ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ืœ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
00:55
This is especially true of ultrasound,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“,
00:58
which includes any sound wave exceeding 20,000 cycles per second.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื’ืœ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 20,000 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:03
Humans can't hear or produce sounds with such high frequencies,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
01:08
but our flying friend can.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
01:11
When itโ€™s too dark to see, he emits an ultrasound wave with tall peaks.
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืœ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืขื ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
01:16
Since the wave cycles are happening so quickly,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
01:19
wave after wave rapidly bounces off nearby surfaces.
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ื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืœ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:24
Each waveโ€™s tall peak hits every nook and cranny,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฅ,
01:27
producing an echo that carries a lot of information.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื“ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘.
01:31
By sensing the nuances in this chain of echoes,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื“ื™ื,
01:35
our bat can create an internal map of its environment.
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ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
01:40
This is how bats use sound to see,
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ื›ืš ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:42
and the process inspired humans to try and do the same.
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:46
In World War One, French scientists sent ultrasound beams into the ocean
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœื— ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
01:51
to detect nearby enemy submarines.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:54
This early form of SONAR was a huge success,
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ืืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื“ื™ืจื”,
01:58
in large part because sound waves travel even faster through mediums
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื
02:02
with more tightly packed molecules, like water.
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ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื.
02:05
In the 1950s, medical professionals began to experiment with this technique
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:10
as a non-invasive way to see inside a patientโ€™s body.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื”.
02:14
Today, ultrasound imaging is used to evaluate organ damage,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื–ืง ืœืื‘ืจื™ื,
02:19
measure tissue thickness, and detect gallbladder stones, tumors,
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ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ืžืจื”, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:23
and blood clots.
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ื•ืงืจื™ืฉื™ ื“ื.
02:24
But to explore how this tool works in practice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
02:28
letโ€™s consider its most well-known useโ€” the fetal ultrasound.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื• -- ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™.
02:33
First, the skin is covered with conductive gel.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื’โ€™ืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš.
02:36
Since sound waves lose speed and clarity when traveling through air,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
02:40
this gooey substance ensures an airtight seal
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื™ื˜ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ
02:43
between the body and the wand emitting ultrasound waves.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžืชืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“.
02:47
Then the machine operator begins sending ultrasound beams into the body.
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ืื– ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:52
The waves pass through liquids like urine, blood, and amniotic fluid
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ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืŸ, ื“ื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ
02:56
without creating any echoes.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื.
02:58
But when a wave encounters a solid structure, it bounces back.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
03:03
This echo is rendered as a dot on the imaging screen.
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ื”ื”ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:07
Objects like bones reflect the most waves,
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื™ื,
03:10
appearing as tightly packed dots forming bright white shapes.
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ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืงื•ืช.
03:15
Less dense objects appear in fainter shades of gray,
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืจ,
03:18
slowly creating an image of the fetusโ€™s internal organs.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
03:23
To get a complete picture,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”,
03:25
waves need to reach different depths in the patientโ€™s body,
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ื’ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช,
03:28
bypassing some tissues while echoing off others.
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ื•ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:32
Since longer, low frequency waves actually penetrate deeper
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:36
than short, high frequency ones,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื’ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
03:38
multiple frequencies are often used together
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
03:41
and composited into a life-like image.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื—ื™ื”.
03:45
The operator can then zoom in and focus on different areas.
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ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื– ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:49
And since ultrasound machines send and receive cascades of waves in real time,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช,
03:55
the machine can even visualize movement.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:58
The waves used for medical ultrasound range from 2 million to 10 million hertzโ€”
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ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื ืขื™ื ืž-2 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฅ --
04:04
over a hundred times higher than human ears can hear.
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ืžืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
04:08
These incredibly high frequencies create detailed images
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช
04:12
that allow doctors to diagnose the smallest developmental deviations
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
04:16
in the brain, heart, spine, and more.
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ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื‘ืœื‘, ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
04:20
Even outside of pre-natal care,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:22
medical ultrasound has huge advantages over similar technologies.
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ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
04:26
Unlike radiation-based imaging or invasive surgical procedures,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื• ืœืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
04:31
ultrasound has no known negative side effects when used properly.
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ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:35
At very high levels, the heat caused by ultrasound waves
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ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“
04:39
can damage sensitive tissues,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:41
but technicians typically use the lowest levels possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
04:45
And since modern ultrasound machines can be small and portable,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช,
04:49
doctors can use them in the fieldโ€”
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— --
04:51
allowing them to see clearly in any medical emergency.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืจืคื•ืื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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