How to see with sound - Jacques S. Abramowicz

358,459 views ใƒป 2021-04-01

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: DK Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
In a pitch-black cave, bats canโ€™t see much.
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์น ํ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋„ ์ž˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:09
But even with their eyes shut,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์„œ๋„
00:11
they can navigate rocky topography at incredible speeds.
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์šธํ‰๋ถˆํ‰ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:15
This is because a batโ€™s flight isnโ€™t just guided by its eyes,
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๋ฐ•์ฅ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:19
but rather, by its ears.
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์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋‚ ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:21
It may seem impossible to see with sound,
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
00:24
but bats, naval officers, and doctors do it all the time,
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๋ฐ•์ฅ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ, ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
using the unique properties of ultrasound.
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:32
All sound is created when molecules in the air, water,
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋งค์งˆ์—์„œ๋“  ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:36
or any other medium vibrate in a pulsing wave.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒŒ๋™์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
The distance between each peak determines the waveโ€™s frequency,
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๊ฐ ํŒŒ๋™ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
00:44
measured as cycles per second, or hertz.
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ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ , ์ฆ‰ ์ดˆ๋‹น ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
This means that over the same amount of time,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์—
00:50
a high frequency wave will complete more cycles than a low frequency one.
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๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์Œ์ด ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ์Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:55
This is especially true of ultrasound,
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:58
which includes any sound wave exceeding 20,000 cycles per second.
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์ดˆ๋‹น 2๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ์ง„๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
Humans can't hear or produce sounds with such high frequencies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ง€๋„, ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
01:08
but our flying friend can.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
When itโ€™s too dark to see, he emits an ultrasound wave with tall peaks.
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๋ฐ•์ฅ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋‘์›Œ์ ธ์„œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ๋งˆ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Since the wave cycles are happening so quickly,
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์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์•„์„œ
01:19
wave after wave rapidly bounces off nearby surfaces.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
Each waveโ€™s tall peak hits every nook and cranny,
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๋†’์€ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„๊ตฌ์„์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค์„œ
01:27
producing an echo that carries a lot of information.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์•„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
By sensing the nuances in this chain of echoes,
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๋ฉ”์•„๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ์‚ดํŽด์„œ
01:35
our bat can create an internal map of its environment.
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์ฃผ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
This is how bats use sound to see,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
and the process inspired humans to try and do the same.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
01:46
In World War One, French scientists sent ultrasound beams into the ocean
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1์ฐจ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋™์•ˆ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์˜์•„์„œ
01:51
to detect nearby enemy submarines.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์  ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
This early form of SONAR was a huge success,
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์ด ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์„ฑ๊ณต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
in large part because sound waves travel even faster through mediums
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๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์ฐฌ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งค์งˆ์—์„œ
02:02
with more tightly packed molecules, like water.
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์ŒํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ด์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
In the 1950s, medical professionals began to experiment with this technique
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1950๋…„์— ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์จ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
as a non-invasive way to see inside a patientโ€™s body.
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์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Today, ultrasound imaging is used to evaluate organ damage,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์˜์ƒ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ 
02:19
measure tissue thickness, and detect gallbladder stones, tumors,
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์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ตต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ด์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:23
and blood clots.
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์ข…์–‘, ํ˜ˆ์ „์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
But to explore how this tool works in practice,
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์ด ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ
02:28
letโ€™s consider its most well-known useโ€” the fetal ultrasound.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ ํƒœ์•„ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:33
First, the skin is covered with conductive gel.
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์šฐ์„  ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ „๋„์šฉ ๊ฒ”์„ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Since sound waves lose speed and clarity when traveling through air,
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์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์†๋„์™€ ์„ ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ
02:40
this gooey substance ensures an airtight seal
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์ด ๋ˆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ์นจ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
02:43
between the body and the wand emitting ultrasound waves.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Then the machine operator begins sending ultrasound beams into the body.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
The waves pass through liquids like urine, blood, and amniotic fluid
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์คŒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผ, ์–‘์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚  ๋•Œ๋Š”
02:56
without creating any echoes.
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
02:58
But when a wave encounters a solid structure, it bounces back.
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๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€๋”ช์น˜๋ฉด ํŠ•๊ฒจ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
03:03
This echo is rendered as a dot on the imaging screen.
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํŒŒ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
Objects like bones reflect the most waves,
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๋ผˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ
03:10
appearing as tightly packed dots forming bright white shapes.
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๋ฐ๊ณ  ํ•˜์–€ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Less dense objects appear in fainter shades of gray,
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๋œ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
03:18
slowly creating an image of the fetusโ€™s internal organs.
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
To get a complete picture,
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์˜์ƒ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:25
waves need to reach different depths in the patientโ€™s body,
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๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊นŠ์ด๋กœ ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
03:28
bypassing some tissues while echoing off others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Since longer, low frequency waves actually penetrate deeper
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๋” ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์งง๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ŒํŒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:36
than short, high frequency ones,
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๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:38
multiple frequencies are often used together
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์“ฐ๊ณ 
03:41
and composited into a life-like image.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ ์‹ค๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
The operator can then zoom in and focus on different areas.
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
And since ultrasound machines send and receive cascades of waves in real time,
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:55
the machine can even visualize movement.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
The waves used for medical ultrasound range from 2 million to 10 million hertzโ€”
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์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ์—์„œ ์ฒœ๋งŒ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
over a hundred times higher than human ears can hear.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:08
These incredibly high frequencies create detailed images
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
04:12
that allow doctors to diagnose the smallest developmental deviations
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ด์ƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
in the brain, heart, spine, and more.
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๋‡Œ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ, ์ฒ™์ถ”๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋„์š”.
04:20
Even outside of pre-natal care,
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ํƒœ์•„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ถ„์•ผ ์™ธ์—์„œ๋„
04:22
medical ultrasound has huge advantages over similar technologies.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
Unlike radiation-based imaging or invasive surgical procedures,
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
04:31
ultrasound has no known negative side effects when used properly.
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
At very high levels, the heat caused by ultrasound waves
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์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—ด์ด
04:39
can damage sensitive tissues,
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๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:41
but technicians typically use the lowest levels possible.
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์ œ์ผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
And since modern ultrasound machines can be small and portable,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:49
doctors can use them in the fieldโ€”
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
allowing them to see clearly in any medical emergency.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‘๊ธ‰ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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