The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks - Robin Bulleri

5,899,297 views ใƒป 2016-02-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื—ืฃ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื‘ืง
00:10
that holds the keys to understanding cancer, virology, and genetics.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:15
Luckily for us,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•,
00:17
such a thing exists in the form of trillions upon trillions
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ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
00:20
of human lab-grown cells called HeLa.
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ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืื“ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืœื”.
00:24
Let's take a step back for a second.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
00:26
Scientists grow human cells in the lab to study how they function,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืชืื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื,
00:30
understand how diseases develop,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
00:32
and test new treatments without endangering patients.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:35
To make sure that they can repeat these experiments over and over,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
00:39
and compare the results with other scientists,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:41
they need huge populations of identical cells
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื
00:44
that can duplicate themselves faithfully for years,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื,
00:47
but until 1951, all human cell lines that researchers tried to grow
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ 1951, ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืชืื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื’ื“ืœ
00:51
had died after a few days.
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ืžืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
00:54
Then a John Hopkins scientist named George Gey
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ืื– ืžื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ื™ื™
00:57
received a sample of a strange looking tumor:
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ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืจืื”:
01:00
dark purple, shiny, jelly-like.
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ืกื’ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง, ื ื•ืฆืฅ , ื“ืžื•ื™ ื’'ืœื™.
01:04
This sample was special.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
01:05
Some of its cells just kept dividing,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง,
01:07
and dividing,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•,
01:09
and dividing.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•.
01:10
When individual cells died,
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•,
01:12
generations of copies took their place and thrived.
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ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื•ืฉื’ืฉื’ื•.
01:16
The result was an endless source of identical cells that's still around today.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:21
The very first immortal human cell line.
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ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
01:24
Gey labeled it "HeLa" after the patient with the unusual tumor, Henrietta Lacks.
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ื’ื™ื™ ืชื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื "ื”ืœื”" ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ืœืืงืก.
01:30
Born on a tobacco farm in Virginia,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืง ื‘ื•ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื™ื”,
01:32
she lived in Baltimore with her husband and five children.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื—ืžืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
01:35
She died of aggressive cervical cancer
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื” ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืจืชื™ืง ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™
01:38
a few months after her tumorous cells were harvested,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•,
01:40
and she never knew about them.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขืœื™ื”ื.
01:43
So what's so special about the cells from Henrietta Lacks
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืื™ื ืžื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ืœืืงืก
01:46
that lets them survive when other cell lines die?
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื?
01:49
The short answer is we don't entirely know.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
01:53
Normal human cells have built-in control mechanisms.
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ืœืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”.
01:56
They can divide about 50 times before they self destruct
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
01:59
in a process called apoptosis.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืืคื•ืคื˜ื•ืกื™ืก.
02:02
This prevents the propagation of genetic errors
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:04
that creep in after repeated rounds of division.
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ืฉื–ื•ื—ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ ืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช.
02:07
But cancer cells ignore these signals, dividing indefinitely
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช
02:11
and crowding out normal cells.
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ื•ืžืฆื•ืคืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืชืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:13
Still, most cell lines eventually die off, especially outside the human body.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:18
Not HeLa, though, and that's the part we can't yet explain.
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ืœื ื”ืœื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
02:22
Regardless, when Dr. Gey realized he had the first immortal line of human cells,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืช ืฉื•ืจืช ืชืื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:28
he sent samples to labs all over the world.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:31
Soon the world's first cell production facility
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:33
was churning out 6 trillion HeLa cells a week,
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ื”ื›ื™ืŸ 6 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
02:37
and scientists put them to work in an ethically problematic way,
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืืชื™ืช,
02:41
building careers and fortunes off of Henrietta's cells
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื”
02:44
without her or her family's consent, or even knowledge until decades later.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืจืฉืื” ืฉืœื” ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:49
The polio epidemic was at its peak in the early 50s.
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ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื.
02:53
HeLa cells, which easily took up and replicated the virus,
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ืชืื™ ื”ืœื”, ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ืคืœื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
02:57
allowed Jonas Salk to test his vaccine.
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ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื’'ื•ื ื” ืกืืœืง ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
03:00
They've been used to study diseases,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
03:02
including measles,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืฆื‘ืช,
03:03
mumps,
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ืื“ืžืช,
03:04
HIV,
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HIV,
03:05
and ebola.
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ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
03:07
We know that human cells have 46 chromosomes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ 46 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื
03:09
because a scientist working with HeLa discovered a chemcial
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื” ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ
03:13
that makes chromosomes visible.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืื™ื.
03:15
HeLa cells themselves actually have around 80 highly mutated chromosomes.
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ืœืชืื™ ื”ืœื” ืขืฆืžื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ 80 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ื”.
03:20
HeLa cells were the first to be cloned.
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ืชืื™ ื”ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœื™ื.
03:24
They've traveled to outer space.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
03:27
Telomerase,
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ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื–,
03:28
an enzyme that helps cancer cells evade destruction by repairing their DNA,
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ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื” DNA ืฉืœื”ื,
03:32
was discovered first in HeLa cells.
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืœื”.
03:34
In an interesting turn of fate,
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ื‘ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžื–ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
03:36
thanks to HeLa, we know that cervical cancer can be caused by a virus called HPV
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืจืชื™ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื ืงืจื HPV
03:42
and now there's a vaccine.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:44
HeLa-fueled discoveries have filled thousands of scientific papers,
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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ื”ืœื” ืžืœืื• ืืœืคื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
03:48
and that number is probably even higher than anyone knows.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข.
03:52
HeLa cells are so resilient that they can travel on almost any surface:
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ืชืื™ ื”ืœื” ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—:
03:57
a lab worker's hand,
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ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
03:58
a piece of dust,
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ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง,
04:00
invading cultures of other cells and taking over like weeds,
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ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ื›ืžื• ืขืฉื‘ื™ื,
04:05
countless cures, patents and discoveries all made thanks to Henrieta Lacks.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ืœืืงืก.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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