The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks - Robin Bulleri

5,779,939 views ・ 2016-02-08

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Kyung Eun KIM κ²€ν† : Sanghyun Hahn
00:06
Imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust
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λ¨Όμ§€λ§ŒνΌ μž‘μ€ μž…μžκ°€ 곡쀑에 λ–  λ‹€λ‹Œλ‹€κ³  생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:10
that holds the keys to understanding cancer, virology, and genetics.
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κ·Έ μž…μžμ—λŠ” μ•”, λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, μœ μ „ν•™μ˜ 수수께끼λ₯Ό ν’€ μ—΄μ‡ κ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
00:15
Luckily for us,
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닀행인 것은
00:17
such a thing exists in the form of trillions upon trillions
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μž…μžκ°€ 무수히 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
of human lab-grown cells called HeLa.
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이 μž…μžλŠ” 인곡적으둜 λ°°μ–‘ 된 헬라(HeLa) μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
Let's take a step back for a second.
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자, μž μ‹œ 생각해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:26
Scientists grow human cells in the lab to study how they function,
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인체 μ„Έν¬μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 세포λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
understand how diseases develop,
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λ°°μ–‘ 된 세포λ₯Ό 톡해 μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 진화 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ©°
00:32
and test new treatments without endangering patients.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄ 보기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
To make sure that they can repeat these experiments over and over,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜ 과정을 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜κ³ 
00:39
and compare the results with other scientists,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 비ꡐ해 보기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
00:41
they need huge populations of identical cells
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ λ™μΌν•œ 인체 세포가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
that can duplicate themselves faithfully for years,
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이 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ€ μžκ°€ 뢄열을 ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
but until 1951, all human cell lines that researchers tried to grow
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 1951λ…„κΉŒμ§€λ„ 연ꡬ원듀이 λ°°μ–‘ν•˜λ˜ 인체 μ„Έν¬λŠ”
00:51
had died after a few days.
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며칠을 버티지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μ£½μ–΄λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
Then a John Hopkins scientist named George Gey
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μ–΄λŠ λ‚ , μ‘΄ ν™‰ν‚¨μŠ€ λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ κ·Όλ¬΄ν•˜λ˜ 쑰지 κ°€μ΄λ°•μ‚¬λŠ”
00:57
received a sample of a strange looking tumor:
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νŠΉμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ 생긴 암쑰직을 전달 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
dark purple, shiny, jelly-like.
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짙은 포도색을 띀 λ°˜μ§μ΄λŠ” 저리 κ°™μ•˜μ£ .
01:04
This sample was special.
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이 μƒ˜ν”Œ 쑰직은 νŠΉλ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Some of its cells just kept dividing,
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쑰직 세포가 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜κ³ 
01:07
and dividing,
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λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜κ³ 
01:09
and dividing.
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또 λΆ„μ—΄ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
When individual cells died,
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κ°œλ³„ 세포가 죽으면
01:12
generations of copies took their place and thrived.
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볡제 된 세포가 계속 λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜κ³  μ¦μ‹ν•˜λ©° κ·Έ 자리λ₯Ό μ±„μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
The result was an endless source of identical cells that's still around today.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬΄ν•œλ²ˆμ‹ 세포λ₯Ό 연ꡬ할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
The very first immortal human cell line.
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λ¬΄ν•œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 인간 세포가 νƒ„μƒν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
Gey labeled it "HeLa" after the patient with the unusual tumor, Henrietta Lacks.
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가이 λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” 헨리에타 λž™μŠ€μ˜ 이름을 λ”°μ„œ 이 세포λ₯Ό "헬라(HeLa)"라고 λͺ…λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
Born on a tobacco farm in Virginia,
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ²„μ§€λ‹ˆμ•„ 주의 담배농μž₯μ—μ„œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ 헨리에타 λ ‰μŠ€λŠ”
01:32
she lived in Baltimore with her husband and five children.
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λ³Όν‹°λͺ¨μ–΄μ—μ„œ λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ‹€μ„― λͺ…μ˜ 아이듀을 ν‚€μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
She died of aggressive cervical cancer
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λž™μŠ€λŠ” 곡격적인 μžκΆκ²½λΆ€μ•”μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:38
a few months after her tumorous cells were harvested,
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쒅양을 λͺ¨λ‘ μ œκ±°ν•œ ν›„ λͺ‡ λ‹¬λ§Œμ˜ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
and she never knew about them.
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쒅양이 λ‹€μ‹œ 퍼질 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜ˆμƒμ„ ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
So what's so special about the cells from Henrietta Lacks
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λž™μŠ€μ˜ μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 무엇이 νŠΉλ³„ν–ˆκΈ°μ—
01:46
that lets them survive when other cell lines die?
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀은 μ£½μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 이 μ’…μ–‘ 세포듀은 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μ„κΉŒμš”?
01:49
The short answer is we don't entirely know.
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κ²°λ‘ λΆ€ν„° λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, μ •ν™•ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ” μ•Œ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
Normal human cells have built-in control mechanisms.
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정상적인 인체 μ„Έν¬μ—λŠ” μ œμ–΄ 기ꡬ가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
They can divide about 50 times before they self destruct
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이 μ œμ–΄ κΈ°κ΅¬λŠ” 세포가 슀슀둜 μ΅œλŒ€ 50회 κ°€λŸ‰ λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
in a process called apoptosis.
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κ·Έ ν›„ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 슀슀둜 μ†Œλ©Έ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
This prevents the propagation of genetic errors
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μ  였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ˜ λ²ˆμ‹μ„ λ°©μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
that creep in after repeated rounds of division.
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이 였λ₯˜λŠ” 반볡적인 세포 λΆ„μ—΄λ‘œ 인해 λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
But cancer cells ignore these signals, dividing indefinitely
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•”μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ œμ–΄ 기ꡬλ₯Ό λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ³  λ¬΄μ œν•œμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ—΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
and crowding out normal cells.
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결과적으둜 정상적인 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 개체 수λ₯Ό μ••λ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Still, most cell lines eventually die off, especially outside the human body.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” κ²°κ΅­ μ†Œλ©Έλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 체외 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
02:18
Not HeLa, though, and that's the part we can't yet explain.
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헬라 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ˜ˆμ™Έμ§€λ§Œ 이 ν˜„μƒμ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°μ—” 아직 μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
Regardless, when Dr. Gey realized he had the first immortal line of human cells,
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가이 λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” 졜초둜 죽지 μ•ŠλŠ” 인체 세포λ₯Ό 발견 ν•œ ν›„,
02:28
he sent samples to labs all over the world.
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이 μ„Έν¬μ˜ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€λ‘œ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Soon the world's first cell production facility
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μ–Όλ§ˆ μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„, 이 세계 졜초의 세포 λ°°μ–‘ μ‹œμ„€μ€
02:33
was churning out 6 trillion HeLa cells a week,
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6μ‘° 개의 헬라 세포λ₯Ό 일주일 λ§Œμ— μƒμ‚°ν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
and scientists put them to work in an ethically problematic way,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 세포λ₯Ό 윀리적으둜 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
02:41
building careers and fortunes off of Henrietta's cells
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헨리에타 λ ‰μŠ€μ˜ 세포λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ 뢀와 λͺ…성을 μŒ“μ•˜λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
without her or her family's consent, or even knowledge until decades later.
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μœ κ°€μ‘±μ˜ λ™μ˜λ„ 없이 μ§„ν–‰λœ 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‹­μ—¬ 년이 μ§€λ‚œ 후에도 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
The polio epidemic was at its peak in the early 50s.
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1950λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆλ°˜μ—λŠ” μ†Œμ•„λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ μ„±ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
HeLa cells, which easily took up and replicated the virus,
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΅μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 헬라 μ„Έν¬λŠ”
02:57
allowed Jonas Salk to test his vaccine.
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μ‘°λ„ˆμŠ€ μ†Œν¬(Jonas Salk)의 λ°±μ‹  μ‹€ν—˜μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
They've been used to study diseases,
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헬라 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘ 연ꡬ에 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
including measles,
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ν™μ—­μ΄λ‚˜
03:03
mumps,
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볼거리
03:04
HIV,
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HIV
03:05
and ebola.
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에볼라 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 연ꡬ에 ν™œμš©λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
We know that human cells have 46 chromosomes
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 세포가 46개의 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λ‘œ 이루어진 것은 널리 μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
because a scientist working with HeLa discovered a chemcial
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헬라 세포λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν•œ 가지 ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
that makes chromosomes visible.
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 염색체λ₯Ό λˆˆμ— 보이게 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
HeLa cells themselves actually have around 80 highly mutated chromosomes.
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헬라 μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ‹¨λ…μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•½ 80개의 λ³€ν˜•λœ 염색체λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
HeLa cells were the first to be cloned.
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헬라 μ„Έν¬λŠ” 졜초둜 볡제된 μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
They've traveled to outer space.
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이 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μš°μ£Όμ—λ„ λ³΄λ‚΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Telomerase,
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ν…”λ‘œλ¨Έλ ˆμ΄μŠ€(Telomerase)
03:28
an enzyme that helps cancer cells evade destruction by repairing their DNA,
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μ΄λŠ” μ•” μ„Έν¬μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό λ³΅μ›ν•˜λ©° 세포가 νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ°©μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ‘œ
03:32
was discovered first in HeLa cells.
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헬라 세포λ₯Ό 톡해 처음 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
In an interesting turn of fate,
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μ—­μ„€μ μ΄κ²Œλ„
03:36
thanks to HeLa, we know that cervical cancer can be caused by a virus called HPV
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헬라 세포λ₯Ό 톡해, HPV λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ μžκΆκ²½λΆ€μ•”μ˜ μ›μΈμž„μ„ 밝힐 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
03:42
and now there's a vaccine.
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백신을 κ°œλ°œν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
HeLa-fueled discoveries have filled thousands of scientific papers,
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헬라 세포λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ³Όν•™κ³„μ—μ„œ 수천 가지에 λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
and that number is probably even higher than anyone knows.
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κ΄€λ ¨ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 상상할 μˆ˜λ„ 없이 무수히 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
HeLa cells are so resilient that they can travel on almost any surface:
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헬라 μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 회볡λ ₯은 μ–΄λ– ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œλ„ μ μ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
a lab worker's hand,
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μ—°κ΅¬μ›μ˜ μ†μ—μ„œλ„
03:58
a piece of dust,
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먼지 μ†μ—μ„œλ„
04:00
invading cultures of other cells and taking over like weeds,
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작초처럼 λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포λ₯Ό μž μ‹ν•˜λ©° 살아남을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
countless cures, patents and discoveries all made thanks to Henrieta Lacks.
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헨리에타 λž™μŠ€μ˜ 세포 덕뢄에 λ§Žμ€ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•, νŠΉν—ˆ, 발견이 이루어진 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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