The story behind the Boston Tea Party - Ben Labaree

1,580,988 views ใƒป 2013-03-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
You've probably heard of the Boston Tea Party,
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ "ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ",
00:17
something about a bunch of angry colonists
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื
00:19
dressed as Native Americans
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ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
00:21
throwing chests of tea into the water.
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ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื” ืœืžื™ื.
00:23
But the story is far more complicated,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
00:24
filled with imperial intrigue,
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ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืชื›ื›ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช,
00:26
corporate crisis,
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™,
00:27
smuggling,
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ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช
00:28
and the grassroots origins of the American Revolution.
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
00:31
The first thing you need to know about tea in the 1700's
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”-18
00:34
is that it was really, really popular.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
00:36
In England, each man, woman, and child
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ, ืืฉื” ื•ื™ืœื“
00:38
consumed almost 300 cups of this stuff every year.
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ืฆืจื›ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 300 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
00:42
And, since the English colonized America,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื—ื” ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
00:44
Americans were crazy about tea too.
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ื’ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื• ืขืœ ืชื”.
00:47
By the 1760's, they were drinking
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื ืฉืชื•
00:48
over a million pounds of tea every year.
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ืžืขืœ 450 ืืœืฃ ืง"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
00:51
So, when Britain wanted to increase taxes
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ืื– ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื
00:53
on tea in America,
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
00:54
people were not happy,
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ื”ืขื ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:55
mostly because they had no say in tax decisions
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืกื™ื,
00:58
made in London.
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ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
00:59
Remember that famous phrase,
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
01:00
"No taxation without representation"?
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"ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืœื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’"?
01:02
The American colonists had long believed
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ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“
01:04
that they were not subject to taxes imposed by legislature
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื ืฉื ื›ืคื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”
01:07
in which they lacked representation.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’.
01:09
In fact, rather than paying the taxes,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื,
01:11
they simply dodged the tax collectors.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืžืงื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื.
01:13
Since the east coast of America is hundreds of miles long
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืื•ืจื›ื• ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:16
and British enforcement was lax,
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ื•ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืคืคืช,
01:18
about 3/4 of the tea Americans were drinking
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ื‘ืขืจืš 3/4 ืžืŸ ื”ืชื” ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืชื•
01:20
was smuggled in, usually from Holland.
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ื”ื•ื‘ืจื—, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“.
01:23
But the British insisted that Parliament
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜
01:24
did have the authority to tax the colonists,
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ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืก ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:27
especially after Britain went deeply into debt
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ืงืœืขื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื
01:29
fighting the French in the Seven Years' War.
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ื‘"ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื" ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื.
01:31
To close the budget gap,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘,
01:32
London looked to Americans,
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ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืคื ืชื” ืืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
01:33
and in 1767 imposed new taxes on a variety of imports,
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ื•ื‘-1767 ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืžืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื,
01:37
including the American's beloved tea.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
01:40
America's response: no thanks!
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื”: "ืœื, ืชื•ื“ื”!"
01:42
They boycotted the importation of tea from Britain,
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ื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื—ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืชื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
01:44
and instead, brewed their own.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื—ืœื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืชื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:45
After a new bunch of British customs commissioners
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืก ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
01:48
cried to London for troops to help with tax enforcement,
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ื–ืขืงื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื”,
01:51
things got so heated
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ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื”ื˜ื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
01:52
that the Red Coats fired on a mob in Boston,
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ืฉ"ื”ืžืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
01:54
killing several people,
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:55
in what was soon called the Boston Massacre.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ".
01:58
Out of the terms of the 1773 Tea Act,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื” ืž-1773,
02:00
Parliament cooked up a new strategy.
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ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:02
Now the East India Company would sell the surplus tea
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ืžืขืชื” "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช" ืชืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืชื”
02:05
directly through hand-picked consignees in America.
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ื–ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”.
02:08
This would lower the price to consumers,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ,
02:10
making British tea competitive with the smuggled variety
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ืจ-ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ืจื—
02:12
while retaining some of the taxes.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื’ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกื™ื.
02:14
But the colonists saw through the British ploy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
02:16
and cried, "Monopoly!"
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ื•ื–ืขืงื•, "ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ!"
02:18
Now it's a cold and rainy December 16, 1773.
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ื”-16 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1773 ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืงืจ ื•ื’ืฉื•ื.
02:21
About 5,000 Bostonians are crowded
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ื›-5,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•
02:23
into the Old South Meeting House,
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ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”"ืื•ืœื“ ืกืื•ืช' ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ืื•ืก",
02:25
waiting to hear whether new shipments of tea
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืชื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
02:27
that have arrived down the harbor
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ื ืžืœ
02:28
will be unloaded for sale.
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ืื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืคืจืงื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”.
02:30
When the captain of one of those ships reported
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ื›ืฉืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ ืื—ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—
02:32
that he could not leave with his cargo on board,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื›ืฉืžื˜ืขื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ,
02:34
Sam Adams rose to shout,
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ืกื ืื“ืžืก ืงื ื•ืงืจื,
02:35
"This meeting can do no more to save the country!"
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"ื”ืืกื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ"
02:38
Cries of "Boston Harbor a teapot tonight!"
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ืฆืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— "ื ืžืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื ืงืŸ-ืชื” ื”ืœื™ืœื”!"
02:41
rang out from the crowd,
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ื ืฉืžืขื• ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
02:42
and about 50 men,
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ื•ื›-50 ืื™ืฉ ืžืชื•ื›ื•,
02:43
some apparently dressed as Native Americans,
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ื—ืœืงื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
02:45
marched down to Griffin's Wharf,
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ืฆืขื“ื• ื‘ืกืš ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื–ื— ื’ืจื™ืคื™ืŸ,
02:47
stormed aboard three ships,
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ืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ 3 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
02:49
and threw 340 tea chests overboard.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ 340 ืืจื’ื–ื™ ืชื”.
02:52
An infuriated British government responsded
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื–ืขืžืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื”
02:54
with the so-called Coercive Acts of 1774,
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 1774",
02:57
which, among other things,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ
02:59
closed the port of Boston until the locals compensated
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ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื ืžืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืคืฆื•
03:02
the East India Company for the tea.
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ืืช "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื”.
03:04
That never happened.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”.
03:05
Representatives of the colonies
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ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช
03:06
gathered at Philadelphia to consider
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ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
03:08
how best to respond to continued British oppression.
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš.
03:11
This first Continental Congress supported destruction of the tea,
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืชื”,
03:14
pledged to support a continued boycott,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ืจื,
03:17
and went home in late October 1774
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ื•ื”ืชืคื–ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1774
03:20
even more united in their determination
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ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:22
to protect their rights and liberties.
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:24
The Boston Tea Party began a chain reaction
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ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช
03:26
that led with little pause
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื”,
03:28
to the Declaration of Independence
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ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
03:29
and a bloody rebellion,
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ื•ืœืžืจื“ ืขืงื•ื‘ ืžื“ื,
03:30
after which the new nation was free to drink its tea,
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ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื” ืฉืœื”,
03:33
more or less, in peace.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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