If superpowers were real: Flight - Joy Lin

2,192,368 views ใƒป 2013-06-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:14
If humans could fly,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ืฃ,
00:16
without tools and machines,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
00:17
how fast do you think we would go?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืคื™ื?
00:20
As of 2012, the world record
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ืขื“ 2012, ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:22
for fastest short-distance sprint speed
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ืœืกืคืจื™ื ื˜ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ
00:24
is roughly 27 miles per hour.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 44 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
00:27
Running speed depends on how much force
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื—
00:29
is exerted by the runner's legs,
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ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ,
00:31
and according to Newton's Second Law of Motion,
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:34
force is the product of mass times acceleration.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ืชืื•ืฆื”.
00:38
And Newton's Third Law states
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ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ
00:40
that for every action,
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
00:41
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
00:44
So, that means running requires
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื™ืฆื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช
00:46
having a ground to push off from,
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ืื“ืžื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืžื ื”,
00:48
and the ground pushes back against the runner's foot.
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ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ.
00:52
So, flying would actually be
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ืื–, ื˜ื™ืกื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
00:55
more similar to swimming.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ื”.
00:57
Michael Phelps is currently the fastest human in water
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืœืคืก ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื
01:01
and the most decorated Olympian of all time.
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ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
01:04
Guess how fast he swims?
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ื ื—ืฉื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื”?
01:06
The answer may surprise you.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื.
01:09
His fastest recorded speed is
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื
01:11
less than 5 miles per hour.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
01:15
A child on the ground can easily outrun
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ื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:17
Michael Phelps in water,
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ืžืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืœืคืก ื‘ืžื™ื,
01:18
but why is that?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
01:20
Well, let's go back to Newton's Third Law of Motion.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:23
When we run, we move forward
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
01:24
by pushing against the ground with our feet
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขื ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•
01:27
and the ground pushes back,
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ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ื—ื–ืจื”,
01:28
propelling us forward.
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ื•ืžืื™ืฆื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
01:30
The ground is solid.
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืงื”.
01:32
By definition, it means the particles
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ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
01:34
are essentially locked into place
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื
01:37
and must push back instead of getting out of the way,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื–ื•ื– ืžื”ื“ืจืš,
01:40
but water is liquid and flows easily.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื”ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
01:43
When we move our limbs
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:44
to push back against the water,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื,
01:46
a part of the water molecules
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ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
01:47
can just slide past one another
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืื—ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
01:49
instead of pushing back.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื”.
01:50
Now, let's think about flying.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืคื™ื.
01:52
Air has a lot more free space
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ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
01:54
for particles to move past one another,
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™,
01:56
so even more of our energy would be wasted.
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–.
01:59
We would need to push a lot of air backwards
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”
02:02
in order to move forward.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื•ื– ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:04
Astronauts move around in shuttles
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืœืœ
02:05
in zero gravity when they're in outer space
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ื‘ืืคืก ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
02:07
by pulling on handles installed on the ceiling walls
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช
02:10
and floors of the shuttle.
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ื•ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช.
02:12
Now, imagine you were given the ability to float.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจื—ืฃ.
02:16
How would you move around in the middle of the street?
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ืื™ืš ืชื–ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘?
02:19
Well, you wouldn't get very far
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ื•ืง
02:20
by swimming in air, would you?
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:23
Nah, I don't think so!
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ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘!
02:24
Now, assuming you were granted the ability to float
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจื—ืฃ
02:27
and the speed to move around efficiently,
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ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
02:29
let's discuss the height of your flight.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:32
According to the Ideal Gas Law,
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ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื– ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™,
02:34
P-V N-R-T,
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P-V N-R-T,
02:36
pressure and temperature has a positive correlation,
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ืœืœื—ืฅ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืก ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
02:38
meaning they increase and decrease together.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
02:42
This is because the air expands in volume
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื ืคื—
02:44
with less pressure,
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ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
02:45
so the molecules have more room to wander around
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ืื– ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื•
02:48
without colliding into each other and creating heat.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ื.
02:51
Since the atmospheric pressure is a lot lower
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:54
in high altitudes,
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
02:55
it would be freezing cold
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืคื•ื
02:56
if you were flying above the clouds.
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ืื ืชืขื•ืคื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
02:58
You'd need to wrap yourself up
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ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื
03:00
to keep your core body temperature
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ
03:01
above 95 degrees Fahrenheit,
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ืžืขืœ 36 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
03:03
otherwise you'd start shivering violently,
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ืื—ืจืช ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจืื•ืช,
03:06
gradually becoming mentally confused
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช
03:08
and eventually drop out of the sky
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคืœื• ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
03:09
due to loss of muscle control
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
03:10
from hypothermia!
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ืžื”ื™ืคื•ืชืจืžื™ื”!
03:14
Now, the Ideal Gas Law implies
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื– ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืžืจืื”
03:16
that as the pressure decreases,
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ืฉื›ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืคื•ื—ืช,
03:17
gas volume increases.
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ื ืคื— ื”ื’ื– ืขื•ืœื”,
03:19
So, if you were to fly straight up too quickly,
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ืื–, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขืคื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
ื”ื’ื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
03:22
the inert gas in your body would rapidly expand
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03:24
the way soda fizzes up when shaken.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืกื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืขืจืช.
03:27
The phenomenon is called "the bends,"
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืงืจืืช "ื‘ื ื“ืก,"
03:30
decompression sickness,
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ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืœื—ืฅ,
03:31
or "divers disease"
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ืื• "ืžื—ืœืช ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื"
03:32
since deep sea scuba divers experience this
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื”
03:35
when they come up too quickly.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™.
03:37
This results in pain,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืื‘,
03:39
paralysis,
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืง,
03:40
or death,
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ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช,
03:41
depending on how foamy your blood becomes.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงืฆืคื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ืขืฉื”.
03:44
Okay, well, let's say you want to fly
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ
03:46
just a few meters above the ground
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”
ืฉื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
03:48
where you can still see the road signs
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03:49
and breath oxygen with ease.
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ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
03:51
You'll still need goggles and a helmet
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ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื•ืงืกื“ื”
03:53
to protect you from birds,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
03:55
insects,
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03:55
street signs,
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ื—ืจืงื™ื,
ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘,
03:56
electrical wires,
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ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:57
and other flying humans,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:59
including flying cops
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื
04:01
ready to hand you a ticket
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ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื—
04:02
if you don't follow the flying rules, buddy.
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื—ื‘ืจ.
04:04
Now remember, if you have a collision mid-air
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื›ืจื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
04:07
that knocks you unconscious,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื”,
04:08
you would experience free fall
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ืืชื ืชื—ื•ื• ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
04:11
until you hit the ground.
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ืขื“ ืฉืชืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
04:14
Without society or the laws of physics,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”,
04:17
flying would be a totally awesome ability to have.
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ืชืขื•ืคื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.
04:20
But, even if we could all just float around
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจื—ืฃ
04:22
a few feet above the ground
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”
04:23
and only moving at a snail's pace,
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ื•ืจืง ืœื–ื•ื– ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ,
04:25
I'm telling you, it's still a cool ability that I'd want,
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื, ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”,
04:29
wouldn't you?
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ืืชื ืœื?
04:30
Yeah, I thought so.
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ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื›ื”.
04:32
Now, which superpower physics lesson
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ
04:35
will you explore next?
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
04:37
Shifting body size and content,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ,
04:42
super speed,
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ,
04:43
flight,
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ืชืขื•ืคื”,
04:45
super strength,
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ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ,
04:47
immortality,
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ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—,
04:50
and
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ื•
04:52
invisibility.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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