Pavlovian reactions aren't just for dogs - Benjamin N. Witts

Pavlovljeve reakcije nisu samo za pse - Benjamin N. Witts

Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevoditelj: Anita Cavrag Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

You've probably heard of Pavlov's dogs,

Vjerojatno ste čuli za Pavlovljeve pse,

the phrase that often summarizes

frazu koja često sumira

Dr. Ivan Pavlov's early 20th century research,

istraživanje dr. Ivana Pavlova iz ranog 20. stoljeća,

in which he demonstrated that we can alter

u kojem je demonstrirao da možemo mijenjati

what stimuli elicit a reflective response in canines.

koji podražaji izazivaju refleksnu reakciju kod pasa.

He showed this by sounding a bell

Pokazao je to zvukom zvonca

just before he presented

tik prije no što je dao

his group of dogs with meat powder.

svojoj grupi pasa meso u prahu.

After many presentations of the bell,

Nakon mnogih zvonjenja zvona,

followed by tasty meat powder,

popraćenih ukusnim mesom u prahu,

the dogs eventually began to salivate

psi su najzad počeli sliniti

at just the sound of the bell.

na sami zvuk zvona.

They salivated even when

Slinili su čak i kad

there was no meat powder present.

nije bilo mesa u prahu.

This phenomenon isn't limited to dogs.

Ovaj fenomen nije isključivo prisutan u pasa.

Consider the placebo effect,

Sjetite se placebo efekta,

in which a pill with no active substances

u kojem tableta bez aktivnih supstanci

brings about a response

izaziva reakciju

similar to a pill with a substance present.

sličnu tableti sa supstancom.

What changes here is our reaction to our ailment,

Ono što je tu drugačije jest naša reakcija na bolest

such as perceiving less pain

kao što je smanjenje osjećaja boli,

and not the ailment itself.

a ne sama bolest.

Or, consider the love humans have for a parent.

Ili, uzmite ljubav koju ljudska bića osjećaju za roditelje.

Some would argue that this love is instinctual,

Neki tvrde da je ova ljubav instinktivna

and they may be partially right.

i možda su djelomično u pravu.

But, the argument fails to account

Ali ovaj argument ne uspijeva objasniti

for the equal amount of love

jednaku količinu ljubavi

that children adopted later in life

koju djeca posvojena u kasnijoj dobi života

hold for their adoptive parents.

imaju za svoje posvojitelje.

But the behaviorist argument can account

No, bihevioralni argument može objasniti

for both accounts of love.

oba oblika ljubavi.

A parent, biological or not,

Roditelj, biološki ili ne,

is constantly paired with things like

stalno biva uparen sa stvarima kao što su

food,

smiles,

hrana,

osmjesi,

toys,

igračke,

affection,

games,

ljubav,

igre,

protection,

zaštita,

and entertainment.

i zabava.

And a parent's constant association

I konstantna asocijacija roditelja

with these wonderful or crucial aspects of a child's life

s ovim predivnim ili ključnim aspektima djetetova života

has a similar, albeit more complicated,

ima sličan, doduše kompliciraniji,

effect that meat powder had on Pavlov's salivating dogs.

rezultat kao što je meso u prahu imalo na Pavlovljeve slineće pse.

In other words, if one's parent is predictive

Drugim riječima, ako je nečiji roditelj prediktor

of really good or really important things,

jako dobrih ili jako važnih stvari,

then one's parent becomes

tada taj roditelj postaje

a really good and important thing, too.

jako dobra i važna stvar, također.

And there is also romantic advice to be gained

Također, može se izvući i romantičan savjet

from Pavlov's observations.

iz Pavlovljevih opservacija.

We all need food to survive, right?

Svi trebamo hranu za preživljavanje, zar ne?

And someone who can provide such things

I netko tko nam može obezbijediti takve stvari

in a delicious, saliva-producing manner

na ukusan način, od kojeg nam cure sline

stands to become our human equivalent of a ringing bell.

služi nam kao ljudski ekvivalent zvona.

In other words,

Drugim riječima,

if you can cook one or more scrumptious meals

ako znate skuhati jedan ili dva ukusna obroka

for a potential love interest,

za potencijalnog ljubavnika,

there's a good chance that you'll be viewed

postoji dobra šansa da će vam biti

more favorably in the future,

više naklonjeni u budućnosti,

even if you didn't prepare the delicious food.

čak i ako niste pripremili taj ukusan obrok.

And who wouldn't want the love of their life

A tko ne bi želio da njegova ljubav života

drooling over them?

slini po njemu?

But life is not just bell rings and salivation.

Ali život nije samo zvonjenje i slinjenje.

There's also a dark side to this type of learning,

Postoji i tamna strana ovakve vrste učenja,

called "taste aversion".

koja se zove "averzija okusa".

Taste aversion occurs when we ingest some food

Averzija okusa pojavljuje se kada progutamo neku hranu

that eventually makes us sick,

od koje nam na kraju bude zlo,

and, as a result, we avoid that food,

i kao rezultat, izbjegavamo tu hranu,

sometimes for the rest of our lives.

ponekad i do kraja života.

Taste aversion is so powerful

Averzija okusa je toliko snažna

that the effect can be seen

da se njen efekt očituje

even if the illness is experienced hours later

čak i kada se mučnina doživii satima kasnije

and even if the food itself did not actually make us sick.

i čak i kada nam ustvari nije pozlilo od te hrane.

Such is the case when we have the flu, and, by accident,

Primjerice, kada imamo gripu i kada slučajno

we ingest some food moments prior to vomiting.

pojedemo neku hranu tik prije povraćanja.

In this case, we know that the food

U ovom slučaju, znamo da hrana

did not cause the vomiting,

nije izazvala povraćanje,

but our bodies don't know that.

ali naša tijela to ne znaju.

And the next time we encounter that food,

I sljedeći put kada naiđemo na tu hranu,

we are likely to refuse eating it.

vjerojatno ćemo je odbiti jesti.

Now, imagine the potential consequences

Sada, zamislite moguće posljedice

of undercooking a meal on a first date.

potkuhavanja obroka na prvom spoju.

If the food makes your date sick,

Ako vašem spoju pozli,

it is possible for them

moguće je da će

to associate that bad feeling with not just the food,

asocirati taj loš osjećaj ne samo s tom hranom,

but with <i>your</i> food in particular.

nego s vašom hranom posebice.

If the episode was traumatizing enough,

Ako je iskustvo bilo dovoljno traumatično,

or if it also happens on a subsequent date,

ili ako se ponovi na sljedećem spoju,

they may come to relate you with the consequences,

mogli bi vas početi povezivati s tim posljedicama

just like Pavlov's dogs

baš kao što su i Pavlovljevi psi

related the bell with the meat powder.

povezivali zvonce s mesom u prahu.

In other words,

Drugim riječima,

the sight of you showing up at the next dinner date

vaša pojava pri dolasku na idući spoj uz večeru

might actually make your date nauseous!

mogla bi mu izazvati mučninu!

As the old saying goes,

Kao što stara izreka kaže,

the fastest way to someone's heart

najbrži način do nečijeg srca

is through their stomach,

je kroz njihov želudac,

assuming you don't make them sick in the process.

pod pretpostavkom da mu ne izazovete mučninu u procesu.