Pavlovian reactions aren't just for dogs - Benjamin N. Witts

149,792 views ใƒป 2013-04-26

TED-Ed


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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็ฟป่จณ: Takamasa Omata / ๅฐไฟฃ่ฒด้›… ๆ กๆญฃ: Naoko Fujii
00:13
You've probably heard of Pavlov's dogs,
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ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒ–ใƒญใƒ•ใฎ็Šฌใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏ๏ผŸ
00:16
the phrase that often summarizes
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ใ‚คใƒฏใƒณใƒปใƒ‘ใƒ–ใƒญใƒ•ๅšๅฃซใฎ
00:17
Dr. Ivan Pavlov's early 20th century research,
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20ไธ–็ด€ๅˆ้ ญใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ไธ€่จ€ใง่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™
00:20
in which he demonstrated that we can alter
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ใ“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใงๅฝผใฏ ใ‚คใƒŒใฎๅๅฐ„็š„ๅๅฟœใ‚’่ช˜็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅˆบๆฟ€ใ‚’
00:22
what stimuli elicit a reflective response in canines.
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ไป–ใฎๅˆบๆฟ€ใงไปฃๆ›ฟใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็ซ‹่จผใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:26
He showed this by sounding a bell
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ๅฝผใฏใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’
00:28
just before he presented
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ใ‚คใƒŒใฎ็พคใซ ่‚‰็ฒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹็›ดๅ‰ใซ ใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:29
his group of dogs with meat powder.
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00:31
After many presentations of the bell,
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ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„่‚‰็ฒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹็›ดๅ‰ใซ
00:34
followed by tasty meat powder,
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ใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใ†ใกใซ
00:36
the dogs eventually began to salivate
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ใ‚คใƒŒใฏๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซ ใƒ™ใƒซใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใง
00:38
at just the sound of the bell.
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ๅ”พๆถฒใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
00:40
They salivated even when
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่‚‰็ฒ‰ใ‚’็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใใงใ•ใˆ
00:41
there was no meat powder present.
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ๅ”พๆถฒใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:43
This phenomenon isn't limited to dogs.
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ใ“ใฎ็พ่ฑกใฏ ็Šฌใ ใ‘ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:46
Consider the placebo effect,
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ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚ทใƒผใƒœๅŠนๆžœใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:47
in which a pill with no active substances
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ๆœ‰ๅŠนๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅซใพใชใ„่–ฌใŒ
00:50
brings about a response
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ๆœ‰ๅŠนๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€่–ฌใจ ๅŒๆง˜ใฎๅๅฟœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ๅŠนๆžœใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
00:51
similar to a pill with a substance present.
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00:54
What changes here is our reaction to our ailment,
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็—›ใฟใ‚’ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใใชใ‚‹ใชใฉใฎ
00:57
such as perceiving less pain
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็—…ๆฐ—ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ ใใฎไบบใฎๅๅฟœใงใ‚ใ‚Š
00:58
and not the ailment itself.
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็—…ๆฐ—่‡ชไฝ“ใŒ ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:00
Or, consider the love humans have for a parent.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ ไบบ้–“ใŒๆŒใค ่ฆชใธใฎๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
01:03
Some would argue that this love is instinctual,
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ใ“ใฎๆ„›ๆƒ…ใฏ ๆœฌ่ƒฝ็š„ใ ใจ ไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:06
and they may be partially right.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ใซใฏ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:08
But, the argument fails to account
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใฎไธปๅผตใงใฏ
01:09
for the equal amount of love
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็”ŸๅพŒใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใใ—ใฆ ้คŠๅญใซใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญใŒ
01:11
that children adopted later in life
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้คŠ่ฆชใธ ๅŒ็ญ‰ใฎๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆŠฑใใ“ใจใ‚’ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
01:13
hold for their adoptive parents.
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01:15
But the behaviorist argument can account
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ่กŒๅ‹•ไธป็พฉ่€…ใฎ ไธปๅผตใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
01:17
for both accounts of love.
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ไธกๆ–นใฎๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™
01:18
A parent, biological or not,
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่ฆชใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใช่ฆชใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจใชใ‹ใ‚ใ†ใจ
01:21
is constantly paired with things like
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ๅธธใซ ๆง˜ใ€…ใช็‰ฉไบ‹ใจ ๅฏพใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:23
food,
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01:23
smiles,
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้ฃŸใน็‰ฉ
็ฌ‘้ก”
01:24
toys,
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ใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒ
01:25
affection,
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01:25
games,
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ๆ„›ๆƒ…
01:26
protection,
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้Šใณ
ไฟ่ญท
01:27
and entertainment.
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ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใชใฉใงใ™
01:28
And a parent's constant association
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ๅญใฎไบบ็”Ÿใฎ ใใ‚“ใช็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ ้‡ๅคงใชๅด้ขใŒ
01:30
with these wonderful or crucial aspects of a child's life
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ๅธธใซ ่ฆชใจ ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ
01:33
has a similar, albeit more complicated,
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่‚‰็ฒ‰ใŒใƒ‘ใƒ–ใƒญใƒ•ใฎ็Šฌใซ ๅŠใผใ—ใŸใฎใจๆฏ”ในใ‚Œใฐ
01:35
effect that meat powder had on Pavlov's salivating dogs.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใงใ™ใŒ ใใ‚ŒใจๅŒๆง˜ใฎๅŠนๆžœใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
01:39
In other words, if one's parent is predictive
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่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใจ ่ฆชใŒใ„ใ‚Œใฐ
01:41
of really good or really important things,
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚„ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจไบˆๆธฌใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰
01:44
then one's parent becomes
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่ฆช่‡ช่บซใ‚‚ ่‰ฏใ„ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
01:45
a really good and important thing, too.
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01:47
And there is also romantic advice to be gained
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ใพใŸ ใƒ‘ใƒ–ใƒญใƒ•ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹โ€•
01:49
from Pavlov's observations.
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ๆ‹ๆ„›ใธใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚‚ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:51
We all need food to survive, right?
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š† ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใญ๏ผŸ
01:54
And someone who can provide such things
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ใ‚ˆใ ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใช
01:55
in a delicious, saliva-producing manner
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ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ ๆไพ›ใงใใ‚‹ไบบใฏ
01:58
stands to become our human equivalent of a ringing bell.
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ใƒ™ใƒซใฎ้Ÿณใจ ๅŒ็ญ‰ใฎ็ซ‹ๅ ดใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:01
In other words,
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ใคใพใ‚Š
02:02
if you can cook one or more scrumptious meals
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ๆ‹ๅฟƒใ‚’ๅฏ„ใ›ใ‚‹็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ
02:04
for a potential love interest,
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็ตถๅ“ใฎๆ–™็†ใŒไฝœใ‚Œใ‚Œใฐ
02:06
there's a good chance that you'll be viewed
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ๅฐ†ๆฅ ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅฅฝๆ„็š„ใซ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ
02:08
more favorably in the future,
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ๅๅˆ†ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:09
even if you didn't prepare the delicious food.
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ใŸใจใˆใŠใ„ใ—ใ„้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใใฆใ‚‚ ใงใ™
02:13
And who wouldn't want the love of their life
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็ตถๅ“ๆ–™็†ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„›ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ ็”Ÿๆถฏใฎๆ‹ไบบใŒ ๆฌฒใ—ใใชใ„ไบบใฏใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใญ๏ผŸ
02:14
drooling over them?
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02:16
But life is not just bell rings and salivation.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไบบ็”Ÿใฏ ใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใ‚Œใฐๅ”พๆถฒ ใจใ„ใ†้ขใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:18
There's also a dark side to this type of learning,
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ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซใฏ ๅฌ‰ใ—ใใชใ„้ขใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
02:21
called "taste aversion".
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ใ€Œๅ‘ณ่ฆšๅซŒๆ‚ชใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:23
Taste aversion occurs when we ingest some food
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ๅ‘ณ่ฆšๅซŒๆ‚ชใฏ ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ ๆ‘‚ๅ–ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚
02:25
that eventually makes us sick,
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ๆฐ—ๆŒใกๆ‚ชใใชใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š
02:27
and, as a result, we avoid that food,
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็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ ใใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:30
sometimes for the rest of our lives.
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ๆ™‚ใซใฏไธ€็”Ÿ ้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:32
Taste aversion is so powerful
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ๅ‘ณ่ฆšๅซŒๆ‚ชใฏ ้žๅธธใซๅผทๅŠ›ใชใฎใง
02:34
that the effect can be seen
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่ชฟๅญใŒๆ‚ชใใชใฃใŸใฎใŒ ๆ•ฐๆ™‚้–“ๅพŒใ ใฃใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
02:36
even if the illness is experienced hours later
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02:39
and even if the food itself did not actually make us sick.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฏใใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉ่‡ชไฝ“ใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใชใใฆใ‚‚ ๅฝฑ้ŸฟใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
02:42
Such is the case when we have the flu, and, by accident,
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚ถใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใฆ ๅใ„ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใจใใซ
02:45
we ingest some food moments prior to vomiting.
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ๅถ็„ถ ใใ‚Œใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใฃใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ ๆ‘‚ๅ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใชใฉใŒใใฎไพ‹ใงใ™
02:49
In this case, we know that the food
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏ ใใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใŒๅใ„ใŸๅŽŸๅ› ใงใชใ„ใจ
02:50
did not cause the vomiting,
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ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚
02:52
but our bodies don't know that.
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ไฝ“ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:54
And the next time we encounter that food,
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ใใ—ใฆ ๆฌกใซใใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใซ ๅ‡บใใ‚ใ—ใŸใจใ
02:56
we are likely to refuse eating it.
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้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ ๆ‹’็ตถใ—ใŒใกใงใ™
02:58
Now, imagine the potential consequences
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ใ•ใ‚ ๅˆใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใง ๅŠ ็†ฑ่ชฟ็†ใŒไธๅๅˆ†ใ ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใซ
03:00
of undercooking a meal on a first date.
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่ตทใ“ใ‚Šๅพ—ใ‚‹็ตๆžœใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:03
If the food makes your date sick,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใง ใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆ็›ธๆ‰‹ใŒๆฐ—ๆŒใกๆ‚ชใใชใฃใŸใ‚‰
03:05
it is possible for them
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ๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใฎๆ‚ชใ•ใŒ ใใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใจใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
03:06
to associate that bad feeling with not just the food,
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03:09
but with <i>your</i> food in particular.
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็‰นใซใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฝœใฃใŸใ€้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใจ ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:12
If the episode was traumatizing enough,
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ใ“ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใŒ ๅๅˆ†ใชใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒžใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Š
03:14
or if it also happens on a subsequent date,
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ๆฌกๅ›žใฎใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใงใ‚‚ ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
03:17
they may come to relate you with the consequences,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใจ ใใฎ็ตๆžœใŒ ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:20
just like Pavlov's dogs
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ใƒ‘ใƒ–ใƒญใƒ•ใฎ็ŠฌใŒ
ใƒ™ใƒซใจ่‚‰็ฒ‰ใ‚’้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใŸใฎใจ ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใงใ™
03:22
related the bell with the meat powder.
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03:24
In other words,
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ใคใพใ‚Š
03:25
the sight of you showing up at the next dinner date
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ๆฌกใฎๅค•้ฃŸใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใซ ๅงฟใ‚’็พใ—ใŸใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
03:27
might actually make your date nauseous!
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ใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆ็›ธๆ‰‹ใŒ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ๅใๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅ‚ฌใ™ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
03:30
As the old saying goes,
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ๅคใ„่ซบใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
03:31
the fastest way to someone's heart
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ไบบใฎๅฟƒใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ‚€ใซใฏ
03:33
is through their stomach,
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ใพใš่ƒƒ่ข‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
03:34
assuming you don't make them sick in the process.
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ใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆ็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‚’ ๆฐ—ๆŒใกๆ‚ชใใ—ใชใ„ใฎใชใ‚‰ ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉใญ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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