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Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Camille Martínez
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譯者: ZHENG Shu
審譯者: Wilde Luo
00:12
If I asked you to picture the air,
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如果我讓你想像一下「空氣」,
00:16
what do you imagine?
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你腦海裡會浮現出什麼?
00:20
Most people think about either empty space
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大多數人們會想到空閒的空間,
00:24
or clear blue sky
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或者澄淨的藍天,
00:26
or sometimes trees dancing in the wind.
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或者在風中起舞的樹。
00:29
And then I remember my high school
chemistry teacher with really long socks
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我想到我穿著長襪的高中化學老師,
00:33
at the blackboard,
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在黑板上
00:34
drawing diagrams of bubbles
connected to other bubbles,
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畫著一個圓圈
連著另一個圓圈的分析圖,
00:38
and describing how they vibrate
and collide in a kind of frantic soup.
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描述著它們在某種瘋狂混合物中,
是如何振動與碰撞的。
00:44
But really, we tend not to think
about the air that much at all.
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事實上,我們並不會太常想到空氣。
00:48
We notice it mostly
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大部分情況我們會注意到它,
00:50
when there's some kind of unpleasant
sensory intrusion upon it,
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是當它產生了某種
令人不悅的感官衝擊時。
00:54
like a terrible smell
or something visible like smoke or mist.
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比如難聞的氣味,
或者一些可見的東西比如煙霧。
00:59
But it's always there.
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事實上它無處不在。
01:03
It's touching all of us right now.
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它現在正在和我們所有人接觸著。
01:05
It's even inside us.
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甚至存在於我們體內。
01:08
Our air is immediate, vital and intimate.
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空氣對我們而言是直接的、
不可缺少而又親密的。
01:14
And yet, it's so easily forgotten.
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然而卻這麼容易被遺忘。
01:19
So what is the air?
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那麼空氣到底是什麼?
01:21
It's the combination of the invisible
gases that envelop the Earth,
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它是壟罩地球
表面不可見氣體的集合,
01:25
attracted by the Earth's
gravitational pull.
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被地心引力制約著。
01:29
And even though I'm a visual artist,
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儘管我是一位視覺藝術家,
01:32
I'm interested in
the invisibility of the air.
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卻對空氣的不可見性很有興趣。
01:36
I'm interested in how we imagine it,
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我感興趣於人們是怎麼想像它,
01:39
how we experience it
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怎樣體驗它,
01:41
and how we all have an innate
understanding of its materiality
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以及我們如何通過呼吸,
01:44
through breathing.
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對於空氣的實體性做出自然的理解。
01:48
All life on Earth changes the air
through gas exchange,
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地球上的所有生命
都通過氣體交換改變著空氣,
01:54
and we're all doing it right now.
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我們現在就是。
01:56
Actually, why don't we all
right now together take
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那不如,我們現在所有人一起
01:59
one big, collective, deep breath in.
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深吸一口氣,
02:02
Ready? In. (Inhales)
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準備好了麼?吸氣。(吸氣)
02:06
And out. (Exhales)
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然後吐氣。(吐氣)
02:10
That air that you just exhaled,
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就是那些你剛剛呼出的空氣,
02:13
you enriched a hundred times
in carbon dioxide.
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你增加了 100 倍的二氧化碳。
02:18
So roughly five liters of air per breath,
17 breaths per minute
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粗略算來每次呼吸包含 5 升空氣,
每分鐘呼吸 17 次,
02:24
of the 525,600 minutes per year,
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在一年的 52 萬 5 千 6 百分鐘裡,
02:29
comes to approximately
45 million liters of air,
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呼吸了近 4 千 5 百萬升空氣,
02:35
enriched 100 times in carbon dioxide,
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增加了 100 倍的二氧化碳,
02:39
just for you.
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僅僅因為你。
02:41
Now, that's equivalent to about 18
Olympic-sized swimming pools.
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這相當於 18 個
奧林匹克游泳池大小。
02:48
For me, air is plural.
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對我而言,空氣不是一個單一概念。
02:50
It's simultaneously
as small as our breathing
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它同時可以小到我們的呼吸,
02:53
and as big as the planet.
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又大到整個星球。
02:56
And it's kind of hard to picture.
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有點難去描述。
03:00
Maybe it's impossible,
and maybe it doesn't matter.
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也許根本無法形容,
也許本來就無須形容。
03:03
Through my visual arts practice,
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在我的視覺藝術實踐中,
03:06
I try to make air, not so much picture it,
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我嘗試著,不是去描述它,
03:10
but to make it visceral
and tactile and haptic.
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而是去讓它變得可以感知。
03:14
I try to expand this notion
of the aesthetic, how things look,
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我試著去拓寬
侷限於外觀的審美觀念,
03:19
so that it can include things
like how it feels on your skin
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審美也可以包括,
比如你皮膚所感受到的,
03:23
and in your lungs,
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你的肺部所感受到的,
03:25
and how your voice sounds
as it passes through it.
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當空氣流動時你聲音的變化。
03:29
I explore the weight, density and smell,
but most importantly,
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我探索空氣的重量、密度、
味道,更重要的是,
03:34
I think a lot about the stories we attach
to different kinds of air.
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我想了許多
與不同類型空氣相關的故事。
03:41
This is a work I made in 2014.
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這是我 2014 年的一個作品。
03:46
It's called "Different Kinds
of Air: A Plant's Diary,"
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叫作「多樣的空氣:植物的日記」。
03:49
where I was recreating the air
from different eras in Earth's evolution,
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我重現了地球進化中
不同紀元的空氣,
03:53
and inviting the audience
to come in and breathe them with me.
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並且邀請觀眾來與我一起呼吸。
03:56
And it's really surprising,
so drastically different.
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令人驚訝的是,
它們竟然有這麼大的差別。
04:01
Now, I'm not a scientist,
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誠然,我不是科學家,
04:03
but atmospheric scientists
will look for traces
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但是大氣學家
會在地質學與空氣化學中找尋蹤跡,
04:06
in the air chemistry in geology,
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04:09
a bit like how rocks can oxidize,
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就像岩石如何氧化,
04:11
and they'll extrapolate
that information and aggregate it,
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他們會推算並求出總和,
04:15
such that they can
pretty much form a recipe
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這樣他們對於不同時代的空氣,
能夠推斷出其組成成分,
04:18
for the air at different times.
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04:20
Then I come in as the artist
and take that recipe
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然後我以藝術家的身份
獲得空氣的「配方」,
04:23
and recreate it using the component gases.
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用各種氣體成分重新製造它。
04:27
I was particularly interested
in moments of time
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我對於一些時間點特別有興趣,
04:31
that are examples
of life changing the air,
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這有幾個關於生命改變空氣的例子,
04:35
but also the air that can influence
how life will evolve,
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也有空氣影響生命演化的例子,
04:40
like Carboniferous air.
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比如石炭紀空氣,
04:43
It's from about 300 to 350
million years ago.
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它在 3 到 3.5 億年前。
04:47
It's an era known
as the time of the giants.
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那是以巨大生物而知名的時代。
04:51
So for the first time
in the history of life,
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生命歷史上第一次,
04:53
lignin evolves.
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木質素開始進化。
04:55
That's the hard stuff
that trees are made of.
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木質素是組成樹木的硬質材料。
04:57
So trees effectively invent
their own trunks at this time,
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因此這時樹木高效地
形成了它們的軀幹,
05:00
and they get really big,
bigger and bigger,
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它們變得越來越大,
05:03
and pepper the Earth,
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覆蓋了地球,
05:04
releasing oxygen, releasing
oxygen, releasing oxygen,
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釋放氧氣,釋放氧氣,釋放氧氣,
05:07
such that the oxygen levels
are about twice as high
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因此氧氣量
比我們現在的多約 2 倍。
05:11
as what they are today.
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05:13
And this rich air supports
massive insects --
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這樣富足的空氣孕育了
大量的昆蟲——
05:17
huge spiders and dragonflies
with a wingspan of about 65 centimeters.
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大型的蜘蛛,
翼展有 65 公分的蜻蜓。
05:24
To breathe, this air is really clean
and really fresh.
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對於呼吸而言,
這種空氣非常乾淨和新鮮。
05:28
It doesn't so much have a flavor,
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它沒有味道,
05:29
but it does give your body
a really subtle kind of boost of energy.
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但是它給了你身體真正的能量。
05:34
It's really good for hangovers.
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它對於宿醉者再好不過。
05:36
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:38
Or there's the air of the Great Dying --
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或者是大滅絕時期的空氣——
05:41
that's about 252.5 million years ago,
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約 2.525 億年前,
05:44
just before the dinosaurs evolve.
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就在恐龍演化之前。
05:46
It's a really short time period,
geologically speaking,
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地質學上講,它是相當短的時間,
05:50
from about 20- to 200,000 years.
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在 20 到 20 萬年之間。
05:53
Really quick.
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真的很短。
05:55
This is the greatest extinction event
in Earth's history,
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這是地球歷史上的大滅絕事件,
05:58
even bigger than when
the dinosaurs died out.
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甚至比恐龍滅絕更甚。
06:02
Eighty-five to 95 percent of species
at this time die out,
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85~95% 的物種滅絶,
06:06
and simultaneous to that is a huge,
dramatic spike in carbon dioxide,
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隨之而來的是,
二氧化碳量急劇增加,
06:11
that a lot of scientists agree
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很多科學家都認為
06:12
comes from a simultaneous
eruption of volcanoes
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是由於許多火山噴發造成,
06:15
and a runaway greenhouse effect.
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迅速導致了溫室效應。
06:20
Oxygen levels at this time go
to below half of what they are today,
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氧氣含量少於當今的一半,
06:24
so about 10 percent.
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大約 10%。
06:25
So this air would definitely not
support human life,
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因此這種空氣不能滿足
人類的生理需求,
06:28
but it's OK to just have a breath.
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但是勉強可供呼吸。
06:30
And to breathe, it's oddly comforting.
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而且對呼吸而言,
有一種奇怪的舒適感。
06:33
It's really calming, it's quite warm
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它很平靜,很溫熱,
06:36
and it has a flavor a little bit
like soda water.
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它有一點蘇打水的味道。
06:40
It has that kind of spritz,
quite pleasant.
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它有那種愉悅的氣泡。
06:44
So with all this thinking
about air of the past,
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帶著所有這些關於
過去時代的空氣的思考,
06:47
it's quite natural to start thinking
about the air of the future.
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開始思考未來時代的
空氣是很自然的。
06:51
And instead of being speculative with air
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我並不是對於空氣成分進行猜測,
06:54
and just making up what I think
might be the future air,
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然後製造自己所認為的
「未來空氣」,
06:58
I discovered this human-synthesized air.
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而是發現了這些人類合成的空氣。
07:02
That means that it doesn't occur
anywhere in nature,
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那意味著它在自然界不會出現,
07:05
but it's made by humans in a laboratory
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僅僅是在人類的實驗室,
07:08
for application in different
industrial settings.
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為了不同工業環境的應用而製造。
07:13
Why is it future air?
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為什麼它是未來的空氣?
07:15
Well, this air is a really stable molecule
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好,這種空氣是穩定的分子,
07:19
that will literally be part of the air
once it's released,
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它一經釋放,就會融入空氣中,
07:23
for the next 300 to 400 years,
before it's broken down.
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維持 300~400 年,直到它被降解。
07:28
So that's about 12 to 16 generations.
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所以大約是 12 到 16 代
那麼長的時間。
07:33
And this future air has
some very sensual qualities.
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這種未來的空氣
有一些可感知的特性。
07:37
It's very heavy.
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它很重。
07:39
It's about eight times heavier
than the air we're used to breathing.
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大約是我們通常呼吸空氣的 8 倍重。
07:45
It's so heavy, in fact,
that when you breathe it in,
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它如此重,事實上,當你呼吸時,
07:48
whatever words you speak
are kind of literally heavy as well,
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不管你說什麼,還是會感覺重,
07:51
so they dribble down your chin
and drop to the floor
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所以它會沿著你的下巴
流下掉到地上,
07:54
and soak into the cracks.
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流入地板上的縫隙。
07:57
It's an air that operates
quite a lot like a liquid.
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它是像液體一般的空氣。
08:01
Now, this air comes
with an ethical dimension as well.
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現在,這種空氣產生了道德問題。
08:06
Humans made this air,
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人類製作了這種空氣,
08:07
but it's also the most potent
greenhouse gas
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但是從測試看來,
它也是最具溫室效應潛質的空氣。
08:12
that has ever been tested.
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08:14
Its warming potential is 24,000 times
that of carbon dioxide,
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它的增溫效果
是二氧化碳的二萬四千倍,
08:20
and it has that longevity
of 12 to 16 generations.
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它的壽命有 12 到 16 代。
08:25
So this ethical confrontation
is really central to my work.
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所以這倫理上的對抗
是我工作的重點。
08:43
(In a lowered voice) It has
another quite surprising quality.
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(降低聲調)它有另外一個
令人驚訝的特性。
08:47
It changes the sound of your voice
quite dramatically.
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它能戲劇性地改變你的聲音。
08:50
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:56
So when we start to think -- ooh!
It's still there a bit.
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所以當你開始思考——
哦,還有一點點。
08:59
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:01
When we think about climate change,
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當我們思考氣候變化,
09:04
we probably don't think about
giant insects and erupting volcanoes
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我們可能沒有想到
巨大的昆蟲,噴發的火山,
09:10
or funny voices.
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或者有趣的聲音。
09:13
The images that more readily come to mind
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那些更可能跳出的形象
09:15
are things like retreating glaciers
and polar bears adrift on icebergs.
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是消融的冰川,
以及在冰塊上漂流的北極熊。
09:21
We think about pie charts
and column graphs
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我們想到是餅狀圖和柱狀圖,
09:24
and endless politicians
talking to scientists wearing cardigans.
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以及政治家與穿開襟毛衣的科學家
無休止的談論。
09:29
But perhaps it's time we start
thinking about climate change
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但是也許是時候
該以我們身體體驗空氣的方式
來考慮氣候變化,
09:34
on the same visceral level
that we experience the air.
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09:39
Like air, climate change is simultaneously
at the scale of the molecule,
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像空氣一樣,氣候變化
在分子尺度、呼吸過程、
地球環境等方面同時體現。
09:45
the breath and the planet.
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09:48
It's immediate, vital and intimate,
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它直接、重要而又親密,
09:52
as well as being amorphous and cumbersome.
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同時無形的、難於處理的。
09:58
And yet, it's so easily forgotten.
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儘管,它容易被忘卻。
10:03
Climate change is the collective
self-portrait of humanity.
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氣候變化是人類行為
集合的自我反映。
10:07
It reflects our decisions as individuals,
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它反映了我們作為個人的決定、
10:10
as governments and as industries.
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政府的決定以及產業的決定。
10:13
And if there's anything
I've learned from looking at air,
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如果我們反觀空氣能學到什麼的話,
10:16
it's that even though
it's changing, it persists.
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那就是,即便它不斷變化,
它仍存在。
10:20
It may not support the kind of life
that we'd recognize,
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它也許不能維持
我們熟知的生活型態,
10:24
but it will support something.
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但是它能養活某些型態。
10:26
And if we humans are such a vital
part of that change,
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如果人類是那種變化中
重要的一員的話,
10:30
I think it's important
that we can feel the discussion.
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我想,我們能感受
關於它的討論,這是重要的。
10:35
Because even though it's invisible,
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因為儘管它不可見,
10:39
humans are leaving
a very vibrant trace in the air.
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人類卻在空氣中留下了
十分鮮明的印記。
10:44
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:46
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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