Shaffi Mather: A new way to fight corruption

譯者: Julia Yu 審譯者: Geoff Chen

The anger in me against corruption

我對貪腐的憤怒

made me to make a big career change

促使我在去年轉換跑道，

last year, becoming a full-time practicing lawyer.

成為一名全職的執業律師。

My experiences over the last 18 months,

過去18個月的律師經驗

as a lawyer, has seeded in me

使我產生了

a new entrepreneurial idea,

新的創業想法，

which I believe is indeed

我相信這個想法

worth spreading.

一定很值得傳播。

So, I share it with all of you here today,

所以，我今天在這裡和你們分享這個想法，

though the idea itself is getting crystallized

雖然這個想法才在成形，

and I'm still writing up the business plan.

而且我還在寫營運企劃書。

Of course it helps that fear of public failure

當然，隨著愈來愈多的

diminishes as the number of ideas

失敗的點子，

which have failed increases.

我也比較不怕在大家面前出糗。

I've been a huge fan of enterprise and entrepreneurship

從1993年以來，我一直熱衷於

since 1993.

企業與創業。

I've explored, experienced,

我已盡情地

and experimented enterprise

探索、體驗、實驗

and capitalism to my heart's content.

創業和資本主義。

I built, along with my two brothers,

我和我的兩個兄弟一起

the leading real estate company in my home state, Kerala,

在我的家鄉喀拉拉創立了首屈一指的房地產公司。

and then worked professionally

接著我以專業的身分

with two of India's biggest businessmen,

和兩位印度的商業鉅子一同工作，

but in their startup enterprises.

不過是在他們事業的草創時期。

In 2003, when I stepped out of the pure play capitalistic sector

2003年，我離開純資本主義部門

to work on so-called social sector issues,

到所謂的社會部門工作時，

I definitely did not have any grand strategy

我完全沒有任何遠大的策略或計畫

or plan to pursue and find

要追求和尋找

for-profit solutions

可營利的方式

to addressing pressing public issues.

來解決迫切的公共議題，

When life brought about a series

直到一連串

of death and near-death experiences

死亡與瀕死經驗

within my close circle,

出現在我周遭。

which highlighted the need

這些經驗突顯了

for an emergency medical response service in India,

印度對緊急醫療服務的需求，

similar to 911 in USA.

也就是類似美國的911系統。

To address this, I, along with four friends,

為了解決此需求，我和四名友人

founded Ambulance Access for All,

成立了「全民救護車服務」，

to promote life-support ambulance services in India.

希望改善印度救命的救護車服務。

For those from the developing world,

對開發中國家來說，

there is nothing, absolutely nothing new in this idea.

這個想法一點都不新。

But as we envisioned it,

但根據我們的展望，

we had three key goals:

我們有三大目標：

Providing world-class life support ambulance service

提供世界級的救護車服務、

which is fully self-sustainable from its own revenue streams,

其運作完全仰賴自身獨立的收入來源、

and universally accessible

任何遭遇緊急事故的人

to anyone in a medical emergency,

都可使用，

irrespective of the capability to pay.

不論病患是否負擔得起。

The service which grew out of this,

這個服務從

Dial 1298 for Ambulance,

「1298救護專線」開始，

with one ambulance in 2004,

2004年時只有一輛救護車，

now has a hundred-plus ambulances in three states,

現在已經在印度三個邦擁有一百多輛救護車，

and has transported over 100,000 patients

自運行以來，累計載運的傷患

and victims since inception.

超過了十萬人。

The service is -- (Applause)

這個服務的運作...(掌聲)

fully self-sustainable from its own revenues,

完全仰賴自身的營收，

without accessing any public funds,

不需任何公共資金，

and the cross-subsidy model actually works,

交叉補貼的模式確實行得通，

where the rich pays higher, poor pays lower,

也就是富人收費較高，窮人收費較低，

and the accident victim is getting the service free of charge.

意外事故的受害者則免費。

The service responded effectively

在不幸的1126孟買恐怖攻擊

and efficiently,

發生時，

during the unfortunate

此服務做了

26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.

迅速有效的回應。

And as you can see from the visuals,

你們可以看到畫面，

the service was responding and rescuing

我們的救護服務正在事故現場

victims from the incident locations

援助受害者，

even before the police could cordon off

這時候警方甚至還未

the incident locations

封鎖現場，

and formally confirm it as a terror strike.

也還未正式確認此為恐怖攻擊。

We ended up being the first medical response team

結果我們在每一個事故現場

in every incident location

都是第一個到達的醫療團隊，

and transported 125 victims,

運送了125名傷患，

saving life.

拯救生命。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

In tribute and remembrance

為了紀念

of 26/11 attacks

1126攻擊事件，

over the last one year,

過去一年，

we have actually helped a Pakistani NGO,

我們幫一個巴基斯坦非政府組織－－

Aman Foundation,

阿曼基金會，

to set up a self-sustainable life support ambulance service

在聰明人基金的贊助下，於喀拉蚩

in Karachi, facilitated by Acumen Fund.

成立一個獨立營運的救護車服務。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

It's a small message from us,

用我們微薄的力量，

in our own small way

我們想要傳達一個小小的訊息給

to the enemies of humanity,

那些泯滅人性，

of Islam, of South Asia,

和伊斯蘭、南亞、

of India, and of Pakistan,

印度，以及巴基斯坦為敵的人，

that humanity will continue to bloom,

人道主義不會因為那些拙劣的手段

irrespective of such dastardly attacks.

就停止發光發熱。

Since then I've also co-founded two other social enterprises.

從那時起，我也和他人共同創辦了兩個社會企業。

One is Education Access for All,

其中之一是「全民教育」，

setting up schools in small-town India.

在印度的偏遠城鎮廣設學校。

And the other is Moksha-Yug Access,

另一個是「實現莫克夏」，

which is integrating rural supply chain

以自助團體組成的微型金融為基礎，

on the foundations of self-help group-based microfinance.

整合鄉村的供給鏈。

I guess we seem to be doing at least a few things right.

我想我們至少做對了幾件事，

Because diligent investors and venture funds

因為盡責的投資人和創投基金

have committed over 7.5 million dollars in funding.

已經挹注了750萬美元以上的資金。

With the significance being these funds have come in

重要性在於，這些基金都是

as a QT capital, not as grant or as philanthropy.

合格交易的資金，而非慈善捐款。

Now I come back to the idea of the new social enterprise

回到我目前正在探索的那個

that I'm exploring.

新社會企業－－

Corruption, bribes, and lack of transparency.

貪腐、賄賂、與黑箱作業。

You may be surprised to know

你們可能不知道，

that eight speakers yesterday

事實上，昨天有八位講者

actually mentioned these terms in their talks.

在演講中提到了這些詞。

Bribes and corruption have both a demand and a supply side,

賄賂和貪腐都擁有供需兩面。

with the supply side being mostly of

供給面大部分是

greedy corporate unethical businesses

貪婪的公司、不道德的企業，

and hapless common man.

以及遭遇不幸的一般人。

And the demand side being mostly politicians,

需求面則多為政客、

bureaucrats and those who have discretionary power

官僚，以及有權力任意行事

vested with them.

的人。

According to World Bank estimate,

根據世界銀行的估計，

one trillion dollars is paid in bribes

每年賄賂的總額約為一兆美元，

every year, worsening the condition

這讓原本就很糟的情況

of the already worse off.

雪上加霜。

Yet, if you analyze the common man,

然而，你若分析一般人的情況會發現，

he or she does not wake up every day and say,

一般百姓不會每天醒來說：

"Hmm, let me see who I can pay a bribe to today."

「嗯，我來想想今天該賄賂誰。」

or, "Let me see who I can corrupt today."

或是，「我來想想今天要收買誰。」

Often it is the constraining or the back-to-the-wall situation

通常是因為迫於現實或陷入絕境，

that the hapless common man finds himself or herself in

不幸的平民百姓

that leads him to pay a bribe.

才會行賄。

In the modern day world, where time is premium

現代社會，時間就是金錢，

and battle for subsistence is unimaginably tough,

生存非常困難，

the hapless common man

以至於遭遇不幸的百姓

simply gives in and pays the bribe just to get on with life.

只能屈服於現實，為了生計而行賄。

Now, let me ask you another question.

現在，我要問你們另一個問題。

Imagine you are being asked to pay a bribe

想像在你的日常生活中，要辦成某些事

in your day-to-day life to get something done.

必須用錢買通。

What do you do? Of course you can call the police.

你該怎麼辦？當然你可以報警，

But what is the use if the police department is in itself steeped in corruption?

但如果警局本身已經充斥著貪腐，報警又有什麼用呢？

Most definitely you don't want to pay the bribe.

你絕對不想行賄，

But you also don't have the time, resources,

但你也沒有時間、資源、

expertise or wherewithal to fight this.

專業知識、或足夠的資金來對抗此惡習。

Unfortunately, many of us in this room

遺憾的是，在座的各位很多人是

are supporters of capitalist policies and market forces.

資本主義政策與市場力量的支持者。

Yet the market forces around the world

但全世界的市場力量

have not yet thrown up a service where you can call in,

卻還沒能產生一個服務，讓你可以打電話進去、

pay a fee, and fight the demand for a bribe.

付費，來對抗賄賂的需求面。

Like a bribe buster service,

像是反貪腐服務、

or 1-800-Fight-Bribes,

反貪腐協會、

or www.stopbribes.org or

www.stopbribes.org,

www.preventcorruption.org.

或是www.preventcorruption.org,

Such a service simply do not exist.

這樣的服務就是沒有。

One image that has haunted me

在我事業起步初期，

from my early business days

有一個畫面一直在我腦海揮之不去，

is of a grandmother, 70 plus years, being harassed

一名七十多歲的老婦人

by the bureaucrats in the town planning office.

被都市發展處的官僚刁難。

All she needed was permission to build three steps

老婦人只是要申請許可，好從地面

to her house, from ground level,

建造三級階梯到她的房子，

making it easier for her to enter and exit her house.

這樣她比較方便進出。

Yet the officer in charge would not simply give her the permit

但是，負責接洽的公務員就是不給她許可，

for want of a bribe.

因為沒有賄金。

Even though it pricked my conscience then,

雖然當時我備受良心的譴責，

I could not, or rather I did not

但是我不能，或者說我沒有

tend to her or assist her,

去關心或幫助她，

because I was busy building my real estate company.

因為我正忙著成立我的房地產公司。

I don't want to be haunted by such images any more.

我不想再被這樣的畫面困擾。

A group of us have been working on a pilot basis

我們有一群人已經開始試辦，

to address individual instances of demands

在公共服務和人民應得的權利方面

for bribes for common services or entitlement.

解決收賄的個案。

And in all 42 cases where we have pushed back such demands

在42件我們所解決的個案中，

using existing and legitimate tools

我們利用現有合法的手段，

like the Right to Information Act,

像是《資訊權利法》、

video, audio, or peer pressure,

錄影、錄音，或同儕壓力，

we have successfully obtained whatever our clients

已經成功達到客戶設定的任何目標，

set out to achieve without actually paying a bribe.

而沒有付出任何賄金。

And with the cost of these tools being substantially lower

使用這些方法的費用

than the bribe demanded.

遠低於賄賂所需。

I believe that these tools that worked in these 42 pilot cases

我相信這42個試辦個案所使用的方法

can be consolidated in standard processes

可以結合成類似商業流程委外（BPO）中的

in a BPO kind of environment,

標準作業程序，

and made available on web, call-center

透過網路、客服中心，

and franchise physical offices,

以及特許經營的實體企業就可付費使用，

for a fee, to serve anyone confronted with a demand for a bribe.

服務任何被迫行賄的人。

The target market is as tempting as it can get.

這個目標市場相當吸引人。

It can be worth up to one trillion dollars,

每年花在賄賂的金額

being paid in bribes every year,

高達一兆美元，

or equal to India's GDP.

相當於印度的國內生產毛額。

And it is an absolutely virgin market.

而且這個市場完全未被開發。

I propose to explore this idea further,

我打算進一步拓展我的計畫，

to examine the potential of creating

證明創造一個營利、付費的，

a for-profit, fee-based BPO

類似商業流程委外的服務，

kind of service to stop bribes

來終止賄賂、杜絕貪腐

and prevent corruption.

並不是痴人說夢。

I do realize that the fight for justice

我知道為了正義打擊貪腐

against corruption is never easy.

絕對不簡單，

It never has been and it never will be.

從過去到未來都是如此。

In my last 18 months as a lawyer,

在我擔任律師的18個月中，

battling small- and large-scale corruption,

曾和大大小小的賄賂案奮戰過，

including the one perpetrated by India's biggest corporate scamster.

包括印度最大的企業弊案主使人

Through his charities

利用其公益事業涉貪的案子。

I have had three police cases filed against me

我曾經被三件案子纏身，

alleging trespass, impersonation and intimidation.

控告我侵害、冒充和恐嚇罪。

The battle against corruption

我們、我們的家人、

exacts a toll on ourselves,

朋友，甚至孩子

our families, our friends, and even our kids.

必須為打擊貪腐付出代價。

Yet I believe the price we pay is well worth holding on

但我相信，為了我們的尊嚴以及世界的公平，

to our dignity and making the world a fairer place.

我們付出的代價非常值得。

What gives us the courage?

我們的勇氣從哪來？

As my close friend replied, when told

如同我的摯友在救護車計劃起步時，

during the seeding days of the ambulance project

回答別人時所說的，

that it is an impossible task

當有人說救護車計劃是天方夜譚，

and the founders are insane to chalk up their blue-chip jobs,

創辦人根本是頭殼壞去才會放棄他們的夢幻工作，

I quote: "Of course we cannot fail in this,

我朋友回答：「我們不會失敗，

at least in our own minds.

至少在我們的心中我們不會失敗。

For we are insane people,

因為我們是一群

trying to do an impossible task.

試著完成不可能任務的瘋子，

And an insane person does not know what an impossible task is." Thank you.

而瘋子不知道什麼叫做不可能的任務。」謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Chris Anderson: Shaffi, that is a really exciting business idea.

夏非，這個計劃讓人非常興奮。

Shaffi Mather: I just have to get through the initial days where I don't get eliminated.

我只要渡過起步的這段時間沒被幹掉就好了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

CA: What's on your mind?

你有什麼想法？

I mean, give us a sense of the numbers here --

我是說，可不可以給我們一點數字概念－－

a typical bribe and a typical fee. I mean, what's in your head?

像是一般的賄賂和你們的收費各是多少。你有什麼想法？

SM: So let me ... Let me give you an example.

我舉個例子好了，

Somebody who had applied for the passport.

某人去申請護照，

The officer was just sitting on it

辦事員兩手一攤，

and was demanding around 3,000 rupees in bribes.

要求三千盧比上下的賄金，

And he did not want to pay.

而某人並不想付這筆錢。

So we actually used the Right to Information Act,

所以我們採用《資訊權利法》，

which is equal to the Freedom of Information Act in the United States,

類似美國的《資訊自由法》，

and pushed back the officers in this particular case.

迫使辦事員讓步。

And in all these 42 cases,

在42個案例中，

when we kept pushing them back,

我們的反制行動

there was three kinds of reaction.

通常會遭遇三種反應。

A set of people actually say,

有些人會說：

"Oh, let me just grant it to them, and run away from it."

「噢，他們要什麼我就給什麼吧，我不想惹事。」

Some people actually come back and say,

有些人則會反過來對我們說：

"Oh, you want to screw me. Let me show you what I can do."

「想找我麻煩是吧！我讓你們吃不完兜著走。」

And he will push us back.

然後做出反擊。

So you take the next step, or use the next tool available

這時我們就得採取下一步，

in what we are putting together,

或用其他我們想得到的辦法，

and then he relents.

對方接著就會讓步。

By the third time, in all 42 cases, we have achieved success.

42個案子全部都到第三次就成功。

CA: But if it's a 3,000-rupee, 70-dollar bribe,

如果說賄金是三千盧比，也就是七十美元，

what fee would you have to charge,

你們要收費多少，

and can you actually make the business work?

這門生意才做得起來呢？

SM: Well, actually the cost that we incurred

我們的收費

was less than 200 rupees.

實際上低於兩百盧比。

So, it actually works.

所以，的確是行得通。

CA: That's a high gross margin business. I like it.

利潤很高啊！我喜歡。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

SM: I actually did not want to answer this on the TED stage.

我本來沒打算在TED提的。

CA: OK, so these are provisional numbers, no pricing guarantee.

OK，這些都是暫定的數字，實際收費不見得是如此。

If you can pull this off, you will be a global hero.

如果你成功了，你就是全世界的英雄。

I mean, this could be huge.

這相當了不起。

Thank you so much for sharing this idea at TED.

非常謝謝你在TED與我們分享。

(Applause)

（掌聲）