Governments don't understand cyber warfare. We need hackers | Rodrigo Bijou
160,626 views ・ 2016-01-21
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譯者: Wilde Luo
審譯者: Bighead Ge
00:12
In 2008, Burhan Hassan, age 17,
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在2008年,一位17歲的
年輕人,布爾漢.漢森,
00:16
boarded a flight from Minneapolis
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在明尼亞波利斯登機,
00:18
to the Horn of Africa.
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飛往非洲之角意為索馬利亞半島.
00:21
And while Burhan was the youngest recruit,
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雖然布爾漢是徵募兵裡面最年輕的,
00:23
he was not alone.
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但他不是獨自一個人.
00:25
Al-Shabaab managed to recruit
over two dozen young men
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索馬利亞青年黨,
計畫從大孩子到20出頭的青年中--
00:28
in their late teens and early 20s
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他們活躍在社交媒體平台,像是臉書--
00:31
with a heavy presence
on social media platforms like Facebook.
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招募二十多個年輕人.
00:35
With the Internet and other technologies,
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網路或是其他科技,
00:37
they've changed our everyday lives,
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它們改變了我們每天的生活.
00:39
but they've also changed
recruitment, radicalization
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但也改變了徵募新兵制,激進主義
00:43
and the front lines of conflict today.
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以及前線戰火的衝突.
00:47
What about the links connecting Twitter,
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你是怎麼看待
00:50
Google and protesters
fighting for democracy?
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連結推特, 谷歌和為了捍衛民主自由權的
抗議群眾呢?
00:54
These numbers represent
Google's public DNS servers,
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這些數字代表的是Google的
DNS服務器的IP地址,
00:58
effectively the only
digital border crossing
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實際上的唯一一個網絡邊界,
01:00
protesters had and could use
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抗議者可以使用它
01:02
to communicate with each other,
to reach the outside world
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互相溝通,與外在的世界連結,
01:05
and to spread viral awareness
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並且散播關於他們國家所發生的事,
01:07
of what was happening
in their own country.
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來引起廣泛的公眾意識.
01:10
Today, conflict is essentially borderless.
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在今日,衝突的發生是無國界的.
01:13
If there are bounds to conflict today,
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如果衝突是有界限的,
01:16
they're bound by digital,
not physical geography.
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應該 限於數位化的科技上的,
而不是自然地理學上的.
01:20
And under all this is a vacuum of power
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在這種權力真空的情況下,
01:23
where non-state actors, individuals
and private organizations
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獨立的個人,還有私人機構
01:27
have the advantage over slow, outdated
military and intelligence agencies.
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比起舊有的軍隊和情報機構更有優勢.
01:33
And this is because,
in the digital age of conflict,
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這是因為,在充滿衝突的數位化年代,
01:36
there exists a feedback loop
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有反饋迴路的存在,
01:38
where new technologies,
platforms like the ones I mentioned,
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在這個迴路裡, 新科技,
以及像我之前提過的平台,
01:41
and more disruptive ones,
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以及更有破壞性的東西,
01:42
can be adapted, learned, and deployed
by individuals and organizations
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可以在個人與機構中先適應,
學習並且部署.
01:47
faster than governments can react.
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這比政府的系統反應更為快速.
01:51
To understand the pace
of our own government thinking on this,
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為了了解我們政府
對這個的想法是怎麼樣的,
01:55
I like to turn to something aptly named
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我想求助於一個命名恰當的組織,
01:57
the Worldwide Threat Assessment,
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"全球化威脅評估平台",
02:01
where every year the Director
of National Intelligence in the US
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每年,美國的國家情報總監
02:04
looks at the global threat landscape,
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都會觀察遍布全球的威脅情況,
02:07
and he says, "These are the threats,
these are the details,
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並且說"這些是威脅,
這些是所有事件的細節,
02:10
and this is how we rank them."
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這就是我們分危險等級的方法. "
02:13
In 2007, there was absolutely
no mention of cyber security.
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在2007年,絕對不會有人提到網路安全.
02:16
It took until 2011,
when it came at the end,
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2011年這個詞才出現, 它最終誕生了.
02:20
where other things, like West
African drug trafficking, took precedence.
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其他優先佔領一席之地的,
像是西非販毒市場.
02:24
In 2012, it crept up, still behind things
like terrorism and proliferation.
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在2012年,這個平台還在緩慢的成長,
而快速擴散的恐怖主義卻遙遙領先.
02:29
In 2013, it became the top threat,
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直到2013年,恐怖主義
這個平台成了首要威脅.
02:31
in 2014 and for the foreseeable future.
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在2014年以及可預見的未來中,
02:36
What things like that show us
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像恐怖攻擊這個例子,
02:37
is that there is
a fundamental inability today
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會讓政府毫無能力,
02:40
on the part of governments
to adapt and learn in digital conflict,
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讓它去適應和學習甚麼是數位網路戰,
02:46
where conflict can be immaterial,
borderless, often wholly untraceable.
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衝突也許是不重要的,
無國界的,大多無法追蹤.
02:51
And conflict isn't just online to offline,
as we see with terrorist radicalization,
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衝突並不像恐怖激進主義只是
線上到線下的模式,
02:56
but it goes the other way as well.
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也可能是其他的方式.
02:59
We all know the horrible events
that unfolded in Paris this year
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我們都知道今年在巴黎查理周刊總部
03:03
with the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks.
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發生的恐怖攻擊事件.
03:05
What an individual hacker or a small group
of anonymous individuals did
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駭客和匿名者的一些小型團體所做的,
03:09
was enter those social media conversations
that so many of us took part in.
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就是進入我們平時都在使用的
社交媒體平台.
03:14
#JeSuisCharlie.
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#JeSuisCharlie(我是查理, 話題名).
03:16
On Facebook, on Twitter, on Google,
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在臉書,推特和谷歌這些平台,
03:18
all sorts of places where millions
of people, myself included,
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或是任何像這樣大型的網路平台,
有上百萬人,包括我自己,
03:22
were talking about the events
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都在討論那次的攻擊事件.
03:23
and saw images like this,
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當看見這樣的光景,
03:25
the emotional, poignant image of a baby
with "Je suis Charlie" on its wrist.
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令人情緒交加和深刻的字眼"我是查理"字條,綁在嬰兒的手腕上.
03:30
And this turned into a weapon.
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這成為了一項武器.
03:32
What the hackers did
was weaponize this image,
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駭客把這樣的照片,製造成武器,
03:34
where unsuspecting victims,
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並讓我們這些毫無防備的受害者,
03:36
like all of us in those conversations,
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在所有網路對話的群組上
03:38
saw this image, downloaded it
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看到這張照片,下載它,
03:41
but it was embedded with malware.
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但這張網路照片,已被植入了病毒軟件.
03:43
And so when you downloaded this image,
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所以當你在下載時,
03:45
it hacked your system.
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病毒就駭進系統裡.
03:47
It took six days to deploy
a global malware campaign.
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花了6天,在全球佈署惡意軟體活動.
03:52
The divide between physical
and digital domains today
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在今日,現實世界和
數位化世界之間的分裂,
03:55
ceases to exist,
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已經消失了,
03:56
where we have offline attacks
like those in Paris
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發生離線外的攻擊 (像巴黎事件) 的地方,
03:59
appropriated for online hacks.
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已經被在線網路攻擊所利用.
04:03
And it goes the other way as well,
with recruitment.
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這種攻擊也轉向募兵制的方式.
04:05
We see online radicalization of teens,
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我們看到網路上,激進組織裡的青年,
04:08
who can then be deployed globally
for offline terrorist attacks.
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佈署於世界各地,
造成網路以外的恐怖攻擊.
04:13
With all of this, we see that there's
a new 21st century battle brewing,
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基於這些事件,我們看到有很多
在新21世紀製造出來的戰爭,
04:18
and governments
don't necessarily take a part.
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政府不見得會介入.
所以另外一個例子是,
匿名者及洛斯哲塔斯的較量.
04:21
So in another case,
Anonymous vs. Los Zetas.
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2001年9月在墨西哥,
04:26
In early September 2011 in Mexico,
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洛斯哲塔斯,最有影響力的販毒集團之一,
04:29
Los Zetas, one of the most
powerful drug cartels,
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對二名部落客執行絞刑,並展示著標語,
04:32
hung two bloggers with a sign that said,
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"所有於網路上愛管閒事的人,
將會變成這樣. "
04:34
"This is what will happen
to all Internet busybodies."
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一星期後,一位女孩被斬首.
04:39
A week later, they beheaded a young girl.
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他們砍下她的頭顱,
並放在女孩的電腦上,
04:41
They severed her head,
put it on top of her computer
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展示著同樣的標語.
04:44
with a similar note.
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並在網路上做出了攻擊,
04:45
And taking the digital counteroffensive
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而政府對事件的發生
根本無從理解及反應,
04:48
because governments couldn't even
understand what was going on or act,
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匿名者,一個我們無法參與,
卻用正面力量影響世界的組織,
04:51
Anonymous, a group we might not associate
as the most positive force in the world,
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開始了些行動,
04:55
took action,
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不是針對網路攻擊,
而是關於信息自由的威脅警告.
04:56
not in cyber attacks, but threatening
information to be free.
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在社交媒體上,他們宣告,
05:01
On social media, they said,
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"我們會將這些訊息釋出
05:03
"We will release information
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給那些與卡特爾販毒交易相關聯的
檢察官和州長們. "
05:05
that ties prosecutors and governors
to corrupt drug deals with the cartel."
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並會將衝突持續擴大,
05:10
And escalating that conflict,
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洛斯哲塔斯回應"當你們每釋放出一點訊息,
我們將會殺十個人. "
05:13
Los Zetas said, "We will kill 10 people
for every bit of information you release."
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所以反擊事件就這樣結束了,
如果繼續行動將會發生更可怕的事.
05:19
And so it ended there because
it would become too gruesome to continue.
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但卻有很大的影響力的地方在於,
05:25
But what was powerful about this
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匿名者團體本身,
05:28
was that anonymous individuals,
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不是聯邦警察,軍方,政客
05:31
not federal policia,
not military, not politicians,
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有能力將恐懼深深導入在
05:34
could strike fear deep into the heart
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全世界最有權力,暴力的販毒集團中.
05:39
of one of the most powerful,
violent organizations in the world.
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今日我們活在一個
05:44
And so we live in an era
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這樣的時代:
缺乏對以前的衝突,
05:46
that lacks the clarity
of the past in conflict,
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對我們與之抗爭的人,
對攻擊行動背後的動機,
05:50
in who we're fighting,
in the motivations behind attacks,
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對科技上的工具和方法,
05:53
in the tools and techniques used,
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還有對他們發展得有多快
的明晰了解.
05:55
and how quickly they evolve.
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不過問題還是存在:
05:58
And the question still remains:
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個人,機構及政府可以怎麼做?
06:00
what can individuals,
organizations and governments do?
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要回答這些問題,先從獨立個人開始,
06:05
For answers to these questions,
it starts with individuals,
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我認為答案就在"對等安全".
06:08
and I think peer-to-peer security
is the answer.
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那些捲入此事的人收買那些
線上的青少年,
06:12
Those people in relationships
that bought over teens online,
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我們能用"對等安全"解決它.
06:16
we can do that with peer-to-peer security.
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個人在影響國家和國際安全上
06:18
Individuals have more power
than ever before
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比起以前更加重要.
06:21
to affect national
and international security.
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我們能創造積極的對等的關係,
06:25
And we can create those positive
peer-to-peer relationships
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無論是在線上或是線下
06:28
on and offline,
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我們可以支持並教育我們的下一代駭客,
像我自己,
06:30
we can support and educate the next
generation of hackers, like myself,
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而不是說, "你要么成為罪犯,
要么加入美國國家安全局. "
06:35
instead of saying, "You can either be
a criminal or join the NSA."
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這在今天很重要.
06:39
That matters today.
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而且不只是個人--甚至是組織, 公司.
06:41
And it's not just individuals --
it's organizations, corporations even.
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他們有穿越更多邊界去行動的優勢.
06:47
They have an advantage
to act across more borders,
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比政府更有效率, 更加迅速.
06:49
more effectively and more rapidly
than governments can,
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並且有很多動機去做這件事.
06:53
and there's a set
of real incentives there.
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能在這個數位時代被認為是可信的
06:57
It's profitable and valuable
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是可獲利的, 有價值的.
06:59
to be seen as trustworthy
in the digital age,
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在即將來到的未來幾代中尤其如此.
07:02
and will only be more so
in future generations to come.
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但是我們仍然不能忽略政府.
07:06
But we still can't ignore government,
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因為那是我們通過求助來
使其做出一系列的行動
07:08
because that's who we turn to
for collective action
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而保障我們的安全的.
07:11
to keep us safe and secure.
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但是我們看看目前為止發生了什麼,
07:16
But we see where that's gotten us so far,
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對適應以及研究網路衝突的無能,
07:19
where there's an inability to adapt
and learn in digital conflict,
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在最高層的領導力上,
07:22
where at the highest levels of leadership,
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中央情報局的主管, 國防部長,
07:25
the Director of the CIA,
Secretary of Defense,
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他們說, "網路珍珠港事件將會發生. "
" 網路911事件迫近. "
07:28
they say, "Cyber Pearl Harbor will happen."
"Cyber 9/11 is imminent."
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這種評論只會讓我們更加恐慌,
而不是感到安全.
07:35
But this only makes us
more fearful, not more secure.
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通過禁止加密, 並且大量監控以及黑客行為,
07:39
By banning encryption in favor
of mass surveillance and mass hacking,
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国家通信总局和国家安全局
當然能監視你.
07:42
sure, GCHQ and the NSA can spy on you.
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但是這並不意味著
他們是唯一一個能監控你的人.
07:46
But that doesn't mean
that they're the only ones that can.
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才能是廉價的, 甚至免費.
07:49
Capabilities are cheap, even free.
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技術能力在全世界內都在上升,
07:51
Technical ability
is rising around the world,
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並且個人和小團隊更為有利.
07:54
and individuals and small groups
have the advantage.
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所以說今天或許只有
国家通信总局和国家安全局監視你.
07:59
So today it might just be
the NSA and GCHQ,
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但是誰又能說中國人不能找到
你的系統的後門呢?
08:02
but who's to say that the Chinese
can't find that backdoor?
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或者在將來的某一代,
一些自己鑽研黑客技術的孩子?
08:06
Or in another generation,
some kid in his basement in Estonia?
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所以我想說這不是政府能做的事.
08:10
And so I would say that it's
not what governments can do,
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他們做不了.
08:15
it's that they can't.
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今天的政府們需要放棄權力和控制權
08:17
Governments today
need to give up power and control
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來幫助讓我們更加安全.
08:22
in order to help make us more secure.
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放棄大量的監控和黑客行為,
修補好那些系統的後門--
08:25
Giving up mass surveillance and hacking
and instead fixing those backdoors
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這也許意味著他們不能監視我們,
08:29
means that, yeah, they can't spy on us,
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但是中國人也不能,
08:32
but neither can the Chinese
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或者那些深諳黑客技術的下一代年輕人.
08:33
or that hacker in Estonia
a generation from now.
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並且, 政府支持
防追踪瀏覽器以及比特幣等技術,
08:37
And government support
for technologies like Tor and Bitcoin
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也意味著放棄一些控制權,
08:40
mean giving up control,
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但是也意味著開發者, 翻譯者,
擁有網路連接的任何人,
08:42
but it means that developers, translators,
anybody with an Internet connection,
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在一些像古巴, 伊朗以及中國這樣的國家,
能銷售他們的技能, 他們的產品,
08:46
in countries like Cuba, Iran and China,
can sell their skills, their products,
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在這全球市場中,
08:50
in the global marketplace,
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但更重要的是兜售他們的想法,
08:52
but more importantly sell their ideas,
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向我們展示在他們自己的國家正發生著什麼.
08:54
show us what's happening
in their own countries.
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並且這並不可怕,
08:58
And so it should be not fearful,
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它對那些為公民權利, 自由言論, 民主制度
所努力的政府是充滿鼓舞的,
09:00
it should be inspiring
to the same governments
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它對在上個世紀世界大戰中的
為公民權利, 自由言論, 民主制度
09:02
that fought for civil rights,
free speech and democracy
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所努力的政府是充滿鼓舞的,
09:05
in the great wars of the last century,
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直到今日,人類史上的第一次,
09:07
that today, for the first time
in human history,
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我們有一個關於技術的機會,
09:10
we have a technical opportunity
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能使全球上億萬人們更安全.
09:13
to make billions of people
safer around the world
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這是在人類歷史上的首次.
09:15
that we've never had before
in human history.
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這是令人激動的.
09:18
It should be inspiring.
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(掌聲)
09:21
(Applause)
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