Edward Burtynsky: Manufactured landscapes

譯者: Coco Shen 審譯者: Geoff Chen

Walk around for four months with three wishes,

這四個月來我一直懷著三個願望到處奔走

and all the ideas will start to percolate up.

所有的思路都在這段時間中慢慢清晰

I think everybody should do it -- think that you've got three wishes.

我覺得每個人都可以學學我這麼做

And what would you do? It's actually a great exercise

如果給你三個願望，你希望實現什麼？

to really drill down to the things that you feel are important,

思考這樣一個問題，除了讓我們知道自己想要什麼

and really reflect on the world around us.

還可以讓我們意識到自己擁有什麼

And thinking that, can an individual actually do something,

思考這樣一個問題，除了能在思想上有所獲益

or come up with something,

還可以讓我們付諸行動

that may actually get some traction out there and make a difference?

只要行動，也許就能讓生活變得不同

Inspired by nature -- that's the theme here.

啓發於自然 - 是今天的主題

And I think, quite frankly, that's where I started.

自然啓發了我

I became very interested in the landscape as a Canadian.

還在加拿大時，我就迷上了

We have this Great North. And there was a pretty small population,

千里冰封萬里雪飄的北國風光

and my father was an avid outdoorsman.

我的父親非常熱衷於戶外運動

So I really had a chance to experience that.

因此我從小有不少機會和他去一起體驗這片土地

And I could never really understand exactly what it was, or how it was informing me.

我也許永遠弄不清我從這段經歷之中學到了多少

But what I think it was telling me

但是我想至少我懂得了一點

is that we are this transient thing that's happening,

在這蒼茫天地之間，我們都只不過是一個過客

and that the nature that you see out there -- the untouched shorelines,

看著面前的大自然

the untouched forest that I was able to see --

那些人煙罕至的海岸與森林

really bring in a sense of that geological time,

前不見古人，後不見來者

that this has gone on for a long time,

念天地之悠悠

and we're experiencing it in a different way.

我想每個人的感受都會有所不同

And that, to me, was a reference point that I think I needed to have

我現在所做的一切便是源於當時的感受

to be able to make the work that I did.

我覺得自己應該這麼做，而且也有能力這麼做

And I did go out, and I did this picture of grasses coming through in the spring,

於是，在一個春天的早上，我走上了自己的征途

along a roadside.

我在路上拍攝了這樣一叢野草

This rebirth of grass. And then I went out for years

這些原生態的風光畫面

trying to photograph the pristine landscape.

成為了我隨後幾年的拍攝重心

But as a fine-art photographer I somehow felt

但是作為一位攝影藝術家，我始終感覺到

that it wouldn't catch on out there,

這樣的作品離我所要表達的內容還有一段距離

that there would be a problem with trying to make this as a fine-art career.

同時，這樣的作品也不利於一位藝術家的職業發展

And I kept being sucked into this genre of the calendar picture,

長期以來我的作品總難免被人

or something of that nature, and I couldn't get away from it.

當作月曆照片或者別的類似照片

So I started to think of, how can I rethink the landscape?

於是我開始認真思考，是否應該更換自己的拍攝思路

I decided to rethink the landscape

我決定重新定位自己的拍攝方式

as the landscape that we've transformed.

專注於那些被人類力量改造的景觀

I had a bit of an epiphany being lost in Pennsylvania,

一次我在賓夕法尼亞州迷了路

and I took a left turn trying to get back to the highway.

啓發了我的靈感

And I ended up in a town called Frackville.

我在一個路口左轉，本以為可以回到高速公路上

I got out of the car, and I stood up,

結果卻來到了一個叫做弗蘭克威爾的小鎮

and it was a coal-mining town. I did a 360 turnaround,

這兒曾經是一片礦區，當我下車四顧

and that became one of the most surreal landscapes I've ever seen.

我看到了一幅前所未見的超現實場景

Totally transformed by man.

完全被人類力量所改造的景觀

And that got me to go out and look at mines like this,

在這一幕的驅使下，我開始出發

and go out and look at the largest industrial incursions

在我所能找到的風景帶中

in the landscape that I could find.

尋找其它類似的礦區或大型工業痕跡

And that became the baseline of what I was doing.

這成為了我之後作品的出發點

And it also became the theme that I felt that I could hold onto,

也成為了我始終堅持的作品主題

and not have to re-invent myself --

這和我拍攝的初衷並不相違背

that this theme was large enough to become a life's work,

追尋大型工業的足跡

to become something that I could sink my teeth into

是一個很大的主題

and just research and find out where these industries are.

足夠我認認真真做上一輩子

And I think one of the things I also wanted to say in my thanks,

我想藉這個機會

which I kind of missed,

對那些曾經幫助過我的企業

was to thank all the corporations who helped me get in.

表示衷心的感謝

Because it took negotiation for almost every one of these photographs --

基本上，大家看到的每一張照片

to get into that place to make those photographs,

都需要經過協商才可能獲得拍攝許可

and if it wasn't for those people letting me in

如果不是他們的幫助

at the heads of those corporations,

如果不是企業老闆們的首肯

I would have never made this body of work.

我也許永遠無法拍攝這些作品

So in that respect, to me, I'm not against the corporation.

於是我還是對它們有所尊重，我並不是反對企業

I own a corporation. I work with them,

我本身也是一個公司的老闆，和他們合作時

and I feel that we all need them and they're important.

我能感覺到他們對人們日常生活的重要性

But I am also for sustainability.

但同時我也注重永續發展的重要性

So there's this thing that is pulling me in both directions.

正是因為這一點，我最終與他們背道而馳

And I'm not making an indictment towards what's happening here,

我並不想在這裡控訴他們的所作所為

but it is a slow progression.

因為所有這一切，並不是突然發生的

So I started thinking, well, we live in all these ages of man:

於是我開始思考，人類已經走過了很多個時代

the Stone Age, and the Iron Age, and the Copper Age.

石器時代，鐵器時代，青銅時代

And these ages of man are still at work today.

儘管這些時代留下的痕跡依舊保存著

But we've become totally disconnected from them.

但我們已經無法從這些痕跡之中

There's something that we're not seeing there.

追尋那些過往的光輝

And it's a scary thing as well. Because when we start looking

這是一件非常可怕的事情

at the collective appetite for our lifestyles,

當我們回過頭來看看我們需索無度的生活

and what we're doing to that landscape --

對這片土地帶來了什麼樣的後果

that, to me, is something that is a very sobering moment for me to contemplate.

我們就會突然間驚醒並思考

And through my photographs,

我希望觀眾面對我的照片時

I'm hoping to be able to engage the audiences of my work,

能夠感受到我這樣的感覺

and to come up to it and not immediately be rejected by the image.

而不是對這些影像感到排斥與抗拒

Not to say, "Oh my God, what is it?" but to be challenged by it --

不會大叫“老天，這拍的什麼啊”

to say, "Wow, this is beautiful," on one level,

而是感慨，“這一切看上去很美

but on the other level, "This is scary. I shouldn't be enjoying it."

但這是一種殘酷的美，讓人無法安然享受”

Like a forbidden pleasure. And it's that forbidden pleasure

把這樣的景象當作一種美，是不道德的

that I think is what resonates out there,

我想這就是我所要表達的

and it gets people to look at these things,

我希望人們不光是欣賞這些作品，而是思考與體會

and it gets people to enter it. And it also, in a way, defines kind of what I feel, too --

也許你們就能明白我面對這些景象時心中的感受

that I'm drawn to have a good life.

曾經我也堅定的相信

I want a house, and I want a car.

只有有房有車的生活才叫好生活

But there's this consequence out there.

這樣想是要付出代價的

And how do I begin to have that attraction, repulsion?

我是什麼時候開始被這樣的生活所吸引?

It's even in my own conscience I'm having it,

我不得不承認這讓我感到羞愧

and here in my work, I'm trying to build that same toggle.

而我試圖通過自己的作品讓我有所轉變

These things that I photographed -- this tire pile here

看看這張照片，這片廢舊輪胎廠

had 45 million tires in it. It was the largest one.

這是最大的一片廢舊輪胎廠，大約有四千五百萬隻舊輪胎

It was only about an hour-and-a-half away from me, and it caught fire

這兒位於加州維斯特利，靠近莫德斯托

about four years ago. It's around Westley, California, around Modesto.

離我家只有一個半小時路程，但四年前毀於一場大火

And I decided to start looking at something that, to me, had --

我決定去尋訪一些類似的場景

if the earlier work of looking at the landscape

如果說以前的作品僅僅是關注自然

had a sense of lament to what we were doing to nature,

那麼現在則是為我們的行為向自然傳達一種歉意

in the recycling work that you're seeing here

照片中大家看到的垃圾回收站

was starting to point to a direction. To me, it was our redemption.

對我來說是一個好的開端，是一種救贖

That in the recycling work that I was doing,

我把這些關於垃圾回收的作品

I'm looking for a practice, a human activity that is sustainable.

當做是人類永續發展的一種實踐

That if we keep putting things, through industrial and urban existence,

只有我們在生產生活當中

back into the system --

持續保持發展的永續性

if we keep doing that -- we can continue on.

人類才有可能繼續生存下去

Of course, listening at the conference,

當然，在這次大會上

there's many, many things that are coming. Bio-mimicry,

我聽到了很多這方面的內容

and there's many other things that are coming on stream --

仿生學，其它學科

nanotechnology that may also prevent us from having

以及奈米技術的應用

to go into that landscape and tear it apart.

都有望保護我們的大自然

And we all look forward to those things.

儘管我們的想法是好的

But in the meantime, these things are scaling up.

但與此同時

These things are continuing to happen.

環境卻在持續惡化

What you're looking at here -- I went to Bangladesh,

在北美拍攝一段時間以後

so I started to move away from North America;

我開始把目光投向了世界

I started to look at our world globally.

你們現在看到的是我在孟加拉拍攝到的畫面

These images of Bangladesh

這些畫面，這些關於孟加拉的畫面

came out of a radio program I was listening to.

源自我聽到的一個廣播節目

They were talking about Exxon Valdez,

當時裡面談到埃克森石油公司的瓦爾迪茲油輪洩露事件

and that there was going to be a glut of oil tankers

由於這次事件引起的索賠事件

because of the insurance industries.

導致了全球油輪數量需求下滑

And that those oil tankers needed to be decommissioned,

所有這些多餘的油輪

and 2004 was going to be the pinnacle.

都必須在2004年之前銷毀

And I thought, "My God, wouldn't that be something?"

當時我想，“天啊，這也太誇張了吧”

To see the largest vessels of man being deconstructed by hand,

一艘艘大型油輪由人工一點點將其拆毀

literally, in third-world countries.

這一切就在第三世界國家中真實發生

So originally I was going to go to India.

因此我想去印度看看這一切

And I was shut out of India because of a Greenpeace situation there,

不過由於當地綠色環保組織的活動，我被印度拒之門外

and then I was able to get into Bangladesh,

因此我將目的地改為孟加拉

and saw for the first time a third world, a view of it,

這是我與第三世界的第一次親密接觸

that I had never actually thought was possible.

這一切對我來說如此不可思議

130 million people living in an area the size of Wisconsin --

一億三千萬人，居住在和威斯康辛面積相等的一處地方

people everywhere -- the pollution was intense,

到處都是人，到處都是污染

and the working conditions were horrible.

工作環境極度惡劣

Here you're looking at some oil fields in California,

這是加州最大的油田之一

some of the biggest oil fields. And again, I started to think that --

看到這樣的場景

there was another epiphany --

我又萌生了新的想法

that the whole world I was living in was

我們所生存的整個世界

a result of having plentiful oil.

都是建立在石油工業基礎之上

And that, to me, was again something that I started building on,

因此我也想以石油作為基礎

and I continued to build on.

做一些新的作品

So this is a series I'm hoping to have ready

這是我在未來兩到三年內

in about two or three years,

想要完成的一個項目

under the heading of "The Oil Party."

名字也許叫“石油當道”

Because I think everything that we're involved in --

我覺得我們身邊的一切，無論衣食住行

our clothing, our cars, our roads, and everything -- are directly a result.

都和石油有著直接或間接的聯繫

I'm going to move to some pictures of China.

接下來讓我們看一些在中國拍攝的照片

And for me China -- I started photographing it four years ago,

我在四年前開始拍攝中國

and China truly is a question of sustainability in my mind,

就我看來，中國是永續發展的一個老大難問題

not to mention that China, as well,

另外，中國還給我從小熟悉的那些產業

has a great effect on the industries that I grew up around.

帶來了巨大的衝擊

I came out of a blue-collar town,

我來自一個工業城市

a GM town, and my father worked at GM,

通用汽車是當地的支柱產業，我爸爸就為 GM 工作

so I was very familiar with that kind of industry

因此我對其非常熟悉

and that also informed my work. But you know,

這也同樣影響了我的作品

to see China and the scale at which it's evolving, is quite something.

但是同樣的行業，以中國式規模出現，就完全不同了

So what you see here is the Three Gorges Dam,

這裡大家看到的是三峽大壩

and this is the largest dam by 50 percent ever attempted by man.

這是人類製造的最大大壩，規模超過第二名一倍以上

Most of the engineers around the world left the project

全球大部分工程師都認為這項工程是不可能完成的

because they said, "It's just too big."

原因只有一個，“這項工程太大”

In fact, when it did actually fill with water a year and a half ago,

事實上，當這項工程於一年半前竣工蓄水

they were able to measure a wobble within the earth as it was spinning.

人們確實能偵測到其誘發了地層深處的地震

It took fifteen days to fill it.

整個蓄水工程耗時十五天

So this created a reservoir 600 kilometers long,

蓄水庫區長達六百公里

one of the largest reservoirs ever created.

這也是人類歷史上最大的水庫之一

And what was also one of the bigger projects around that

這項巨大工程同時帶來了另外一項巨大工程

was moving 13 full-size cities up out of the reservoir,

遷移庫區內十三個城市的所有居民

and flattening all the buildings so they could make way for the ships.

並將城市搗毀為平地以便船隻通行

This is a "before and after." So that was before.

這是其中一個城市遷移前後的景象。剛才是遷移前。

And this is like 10 weeks later, demolished by hand.

這是大約十週後的景象，基本由人工拆除

I think 11 of the buildings they used dynamite,

我印像中有十一棟樓房在拆除過程中使用了炸藥

everything else was by hand. That was 10 weeks later.

其餘完全靠人工進行，這僅僅只用了十週時間

And this gives you an idea.

大家可以想像

And it was all the people who lived in those homes,

正是住在這裡的居民

were the ones that were actually taking it apart

親手將自己生活的城市拆為一地瓦礫

and working, and getting paid per brick to take their cities apart.

每拆一塊石頭，他們都能獲得一定的報酬

And these are some of the images from that.

這是另外一些照片

So I spent about three trips to the Three Gorges Dam,

我一共用了三次旅行

looking at that massive transformation of a landscape.

記錄三峽地區的大規模地貌變化

And it looks like a bombed-out landscape, but it isn't.

這裡看上去像剛剛被轟炸，其實不是

What it is, it's a landscape that is an intentional one.

這是一片完全依靠意志而改變的土地

This is a need for power, and they're willing to go through this

這是何其強大的力量，才能讓他們心甘情願的承受這一切

massive transformation, on this scale, to get that power.

承受這樣翻天覆地的變化

And again, it's actually a relief for what's going on in China

不過這也許還算是好的

because I think on the table right now,

就我所知，中國現在正計劃

there's 27 nuclear power stations to be built.

再建二十七座核電站

There hasn't been one built in North America for 20 years

北美地區已經有二十年時間沒有建立過一座核電站

because of the "NIMBY" problem -- "Not In My BackYard."

因為沒有人希望給自家後院放上這麼一把火

But in China they're saying, "No, we're putting in 27 in the next 10 years."

但是中國可以說“不，我們就是要在十年裡再建二十七座”

And coal-burning furnaces are going in there

而且火力發電廠

for hydroelectric power literally weekly.

依舊在以每週一座的速度興建

So coal itself is probably one of the largest problems.

所以煤礦資源本身也是一個重大問題

And one of the other things that happened in the Three Gorges --

三峽工程導致的另一問題

a lot of the agricultural land that you see there on the left was also lost;

就是許多農田，大家可以在上圖左邊看到，永遠流失了

some of the most fertile agricultural land was lost in that.

許多最為富饒的田地，就這樣淹沒在了水下

And 1.2 to 2 million people were relocated,

大約兩百萬人流離失所

depending on whose statistics you're looking at.

這還僅僅是官方提供的數據

And this is what they were building.

這是等待著他們的新居

This is Wushan, one of the largest cities that was relocated.

這是巫山新縣城，最大的移民城市之一

This is the town hall for the city.

這是城市的市中心，也是縣政府所在地

And again, the rebuilding of the city -- to me, it was sad to see

在城市再造過程之中，我很遺憾地發現

that they didn't really grab a lot of, I guess,

在我看來，這些建設者們完全沒有任何

what we know here, in terms of urban planning.

我們所謂的城市規劃的概念

There were no parks; there were no green spaces.

這裡沒有公園，也沒有綠地

Very high-density living on the side of a hill.

只有密密麻麻的居民樓聳立在山丘上

And here they had a chance to rebuild cities from the bottom up,

他們本有機會從頭建立一個美麗的城市

but somehow were not connecting with them.

不過似乎他們並沒有想過要這麼做

Here is a sign that, translated, says, "Obey the birth control law.

這裡是一塊標語牌，上面寫著“貫徹執行《人口與計劃生育法》

Build our science, civilized and advanced idea of marriage and giving birth."

樹立科學、文明、進步的婚育觀念

So here, if you look at this poster,

初看這張海報，你會發現

it has all the trappings of Western culture.

上面充滿了西方文化的誘惑

You're seeing the tuxedos, the bouquets.

西裝革履，花團錦簇

But what's really, to me, frightening about the picture

但讓我感到害怕的是

and about this billboard is the refinery in the background.

隱藏在海報背後的文化入侵

So it's like marrying up all the things that we have

他們彷彿在一瞬間不分香花毒草

and it's an adaptation of our way of life, full stop.

將我們的生活方式照單全收

And again, when you start seeing that kind of embrace,

當你回過頭來重新審視

and you start looking at them leading their rural lifestyle

他們是如何慢慢拋棄了自己舊式的田園生活

with a very, very small footprint and moving into an urban lifestyle

大踏步地邁向西方式的城市文化

with a much higher footprint, it starts to become very sobering.

你就會對這一切有一個清醒的認識

This is a shot in one of the biggest squares in Guangdong --

這張照片拍攝於廣東最大的廣場之一

and this is where a lot of migrant workers are coming in from the country.

這里佈滿了進城務工的農村人口

And there's about 130 million people in migration

目前在中國廣大國土上

trying to get into urban centers at all times,

大約遍布著一億三千萬外來務工人員

and in the next 10 to 15 years, are expecting

而在未來十到十五年時間內

another 400 to 500 million people to migrate

外來務工人口可能會攀升至四到五億

into the urban centers like Shanghai and the manufacturing centers.

他們紛紛湧入上海這樣的大都市或生產製造中心

The manufacturers are --

這些生產製造企業

the domestics are usually -- you can tell a domestic factory by the fact

通常來自本地，或者說大部分都是中國本土企業

that they all use the same color uniforms.

他們都習慣使用相同顏色的制服

So this is a pink uniform at this factory. It's a shoe factory.

這家工廠使用的是粉紅色，這是一家鞋廠

And they have dorms for the workers.

他們為員工提供宿舍

So they bring them in from the country and put them up in the dorms.

員工們從全國各地的鄉村擠到這裡

This is one of the biggest shoe factories, the Yuyuan shoe factory

這是深圳周邊最大的鞋廠之一，裕元鞋廠

near Shenzhen. It has 90,000 employees making shoes.

大約有九萬名生產員工

This is a shift change, one of three.

這張照片拍攝的是換班的場景，這裡每天分為三班

There's two factories of this scale in the same town.

公司有兩個廠區，位於同一地區

This is one with 45,000, so every lunch,

這裡大約有四萬五千名員工

there's about 12,000 coming through for lunch.

所以在午餐時間，同時進餐人數大約達到一萬二千人

They sit down; they have about 20 minutes.

他們只有二十分鐘的進餐時間

The next round comes in. It's an incredible workforce

然後輪到下一輪工人用餐

that's building there. Shanghai --

這是一股巨大的勞動力

I'm looking at the urban renewal in Shanghai,

這裡是上海，一個新舊交替之中的城市

and this is a whole area that will be flattened

這片區域很快將會被剷平

and turned into skyscrapers in the next five years.

五年之內，新的摩天大樓將從這裡拔地而起

What's also happening in Shanghai is --

這張照片同樣能顯示出上海

China is changing because this wouldn't have happened

或者說中國在另一方面的轉變

five years ago, for instance. This is a holdout.

如果在五年前，這樣的人是不可能出現的

They're called dengzahoos -- they're like pin tacks to the ground.

他們被非常形象的釘子戶

They won't move. They're not negotiating.

他們拒絕搬遷，也拒絕妥協

They're not getting enough, so they're not going to move.

沒有得到足夠的好處，他們絕不會放棄自己的家

And so they're holding off until they get a deal with them.

只有當他們的要求被滿足，他們才會妥協

And they've been actually quite successful in getting better deals

和那些得到搬遷通知就拿錢走人的住戶比起來

because most of them are getting a raw deal.

他們都得到了一筆更高額的補償金

They're being put out about two hours --

隨後這些房子也會跟著周邊

the communities that have been around for literally hundreds of years,

那些存在了上百年甚至上千年的古樓一樣

or maybe even thousands of years,

在短短兩個小時之內被夷為平地

are being broken up and spread across in the suburban areas

同樣的故事在上海整個週邊地區發生著

outside of Shanghai. But these are a whole series of guys

這是在上海舊城重建過程中

holding out in this reconstruction of Shanghai.

頑強堅持的一系列釘子戶

Probably the largest urban-renewal project, I think,

我想這也許是這個星球上

ever attempted on the planet.

規模最大的一次舊城改造工程

And then the embrace of the things that they're replacing it with --

但是他們並沒有找到一條合理的道路

again, one of my wishes, and I never ended up going there,

這是我的一個心願，同時也是我反複去那裡的目的

was to somehow tell them that there were better ways to build a house.

我想要告訴他們，房子是可以建造得更好的

The kinds of collisions of styles and things were quite something,

這種四不像的風格非常值得一說

and these are called the villas.

他們管這樣的房子就叫做別墅

And also, like right now, they're just moving.

這間別墅剛剛有人搬進來

The scaffolding is still on, and this is an e-waste area,

腳手架還沒有拆除，如果是大照片

and if you looked in the foreground on the big print,

你還可以看到前景中的電子垃圾

you'd see that the industry -- their industry -- they're all recycling.

從中你可以判斷出他們的職業，一群拾荒者

So the industry's already growing

隨著城市化進程的慢慢推進

around these new developments.

這一行業也在蓬勃發展

This is a five-level bridge in Shanghai.

這是上海的一座五層高架橋

Shanghai was a very intriguing city -- it's exploding on a level

上海市一座充滿魅力的城市，也是一座高速發展的城市

that I don't think any city has experienced.

其發展速度之快，我想沒有任何城市可以與之媲美

In fact, even Shenzhen, the economic zone --

即使是深圳這樣一座十五年前僅有十萬人口的小漁村

one of the first ones -- 15 years ago was about 100,000 people,

在成為第一批經濟特區與生產基地後

and today it boasts about 10 to 11 million.

今天人口數額也已增長至一億

So that gives you an idea of the kinds of migrations and the speed with which --

移民規模之大，發展速度之快，僅從這張圖片就可見一斑

this is just the taxis being built by Volkswagen.

這裡一共停放了九千輛

There's 9,000 of them here,

大眾汽車公司生產的計程車

and they're being built for most of the big cities,

這些汽車將被運往北京、上海、深圳等各大城市

Beijing and Shanghai, Shenzhen.

這只是中國國內汽車市場的一個縮影

And this isn't even the domestic car market; this is the taxi market.

僅僅是計程車車輛

And what we would see here as a suburban development --

這是一張高速發展中的城市邊遠地帶

a similar thing, but they're all high-rises.

這裡，建築業也以同樣的速度發展著

So they'll put 20 or 40 up at a time,

二三十棟樓房

and they just go up in the same way

同時拔地而起

as a single-family dwelling would go up here in an area.

等待一戶戶人家蜂擁而至

And the density is quite incredible.

照片中大家可以看到這裡的居住密度

And one of the things in this picture that I wanted to point out

不過我在照片中想指出來的並非這一點

is that when I saw these kinds of buildings,

當我看到這些建築

I was shocked to see

我首先想到的是

that they're not using a central air-conditioning system;

他們居然沒有中央空調

every window has an air conditioner in it.

每一扇窗戶都裝上了一台空調

And I'm sure there are people here who probably

我想這裡一定有人

know better than I do about efficiencies,

比我更明白什麼叫做效率

but I can't imagine that every apartment having its own air conditioner

對於這麼大的一個小區而言

is a very efficient way to cool a building on this scale.

我實在不覺得每家每戶各自裝上空調會更有效率

And when you start looking at that,

當我們將這樣的景象放大到上海這樣規模的城市

and then you start factoring up into a city the size of Shanghai,

你就會發現目力所及之處

it's literally a forest of skyscrapers.

只剩下一片鋼筋水泥的森林

It's breathtaking, in terms of the speed at which this city is transforming.

如此高速的城市發展速度只能用驚心動魄形容

And you can see in the foreground of this picture,

在這張照片的前景中

it's still one of the last areas that was being held up.

還有一小片尚未開發的地塊

Right now that's all cleared out -- this was done about eight months ago --

八個月前那裡已經被夷為平地

and high-rises are now going up into that central spot.

新的摩天大樓正從此處拔地而起

So a skyscraper is built, literally, overnight in Shanghai.

用雨後春筍來形容上海的大樓建設，並不為過

Most recently I went in, and I started looking

最近我開始拍攝

at some of the biggest industries in China.

中國的一些大型工業基地

And this is Baosteel, right outside of Shanghai.

例如說照片中的寶鋼集團，坐落在上海市郊

This is the coal supply for the steel factory -- 18 square kilometers.

這是寶鋼的煤礦供應基地，方圓十八平方公里

It's an incredibly massive operation, I think 15,000 workers,

這裡的員工很多，我想至少有一萬五千人

five cupolas, and the sixth one's coming in here.

擁有五處高爐，這裡是在建中的第六座

So they're building very large blast furnaces

他們正在不斷建設新的大型高爐

to try to deal with the demand for steel in China.

以試圖跟上中國的鋼鐵需求

So this is three of the visible blast furnaces within that shot.

在照片中可以看到三座高爐

And again, looking at these images, there's this constant, like, haze that you're seeing.

大家可以注意到，這裡的每張照片似乎都籠罩在煙塵之中

This is going to show you, real time, an assembler. It's a circuit breaker.

接下來大家看到的是一段斷路器裝配的影片

10 hours a day at this speed.

這裡的裝配工人每天需要以這樣的速度工作十個小時

I think one of the issues

我想到這樣的一個問題

that we here are facing with China,

我們在這裡談論中國的時候

is that they're using a lot of the latest production technology.

總是只提到他們已經擁有了最先進的生產技術

In that one, there were 400 people that worked on the floor.

在我拍攝照片的這個地方，每層樓有四百多名工人

And I asked the manager to point out five of your fastest producers,

我請他們的主管帶我去看看工作效率最高的幾名員工

and then I went and looked at each one of them for about 15 or 20 minutes,

我在每個人前面站了十幾二十分鐘

and picked this one woman.

最後拍攝了上面那段影片

And it was just lightning fast;

她的操作速度之快

the way she was working was almost unbelievable.

完全令人難以想像

But that is the trick that they've got right now,

其實中國真正所擁有的

that they're winning with, is that they're using

真正讓他們從東方崛起的

all the latest technologies and extrusion machines,

不光是他們所擁有的高新技術與設備

and bringing all the components into play,

不光是這些設備的簡單相加

but the assembly is where they're actually bringing in --

而是這個國家廣大的勞動人民

the country workers are very willing to work. They want to work.

他們願意工作，想要工作

There's a massive backlog of people wanting their jobs.

而且還有龐大的求職大軍等在每個崗位背後

That condition's going to be there for the next 10 to 15 years

如果每個人都不改變他們的想法

if they realize what they want, which is, you know,

那麼這樣的情況還要持續十到十五年時間

400 to 500 million more people coming into the cities.

遲早還有四五億人口會湧入城市

In this particular case -- this is the assembly line that you saw;

讓我們回到這張照片

this is a shot of it.

就是大家看到的這張生產線的照片

I had to use a very small aperture to get the depth of field.

在拍攝時我必須收小光圈以保證照片的清晰度

I had to have them freeze for 10 seconds to get this shot.

所以我必須保證他們能夠十秒左右的靜止

It took me five fake tries

我在他們工作時一共拍攝了五張

because they were just going. To slow them down was literally impossible.

但是他們在工作狀態中很難真正固定下來

They were just wound up doing these things all day long,

因為他們已經習慣了每天緊張的工作節拍

until the manager had to, with a stern voice, say,

於是我只好請來一位主管，他大吼一聲

"Okay, everybody freeze."

“好，誰也不許動”

It wasn't too bad,

情況不算太糟

but they're driven to produce these things at an incredible rate.

但他們被逼得得用這樣的速率工作

This is a textile mill doing synthetic silk, an oil byproduct.

這是一座合成絲紡織廠的照片，是一種石油加工的副產品

And what you're seeing here is,

大家在照片中看到的紡織廠

again, one of the most state-of-the-art textile mills.

代表了當前紡織廠的最高水準

There are 500 of these machines; they're worth about 200,000 dollars each.

這裡有五百台紡織機，每台價值二十萬美元

So you have about 12 people running this,

只需要十二個人就可以管理

and they're just inspecting it -- and they're just walking the lines.

他們只需要在生產線上來回檢查即可

The machines are all running,

機器正在工作之中

absolutely incredible to see what the scale of industries are.

這樣的工業場景是非常具有震撼力的

And I started getting in further and further into the factories.

所以我接二連三走訪了一家又一家工廠

And that's a diptych. I do a lot of pairings

把兩張照片拼在一起，我做了不少類似的處理

to try and get the sense of scale in these places.

以圖更好的表現此類場景的規模之大

This is a line where they get the threads

這裡是材料車間

and they wind the threads together,

工廠在這裡統計材料

pre-going into the textile mills.

送入紡織車間

Here's something that's far more labor-intensive,

這是一間製鞋工廠

which is the making of shoes.

勞動力更加密集

This floor has about 1,500 workers on this floor.

這裡大約有一千五百名工人

The company itself had about 10,000 employees,

整個工廠的員工超過一萬人

and they're doing domestic shoes.

主要面向國內市場

It was very hard to get into the international companies

想進入國際化企業拍照是非常困難的

because I had to get permission from companies like Nike and Adidas,

耐吉或者愛迪達這樣的公司

and that's very hard to get.

基本不可能允許我進去拍照

And they don't want to let me in.

而且他們也不希望我進去拍照

But the domestic was much easier to do.

但是本土企業就容易得多

It just gives you a sense of, again -- and that's where,

這樣的工作場景遍布全中國

really, the whole migration of jobs started going over to China

大家可以從這些照片中體會得到

and making the shoes. Nike was one of the early ones.

耐吉是最早進入中國的製鞋企業之一

It was such a high labor component to it

勞動力成本非常高昂

that it made a lot of sense to go after that labor market.

因此他們十分有必要選擇一個低廉的勞動力市場

This is a high-tech mobile phone: Bird mobile phone,

這是一家高科技手機企業，波導手機

one of the largest mobile makers in China.

他們是中國最大的手機生產廠商之一

I think mobile phone companies

由於中國手機持有量的爆炸性增長

are popping up, literally, on a weekly basis,

我想目前在中國

and they have an explosive growth in mobile phones.

也許每週都有一家新的手機公司成立

This is a textile where they're doing shirts --

這是一家生產襯衣的紡織加工企業

Youngor, the biggest shirt factory and clothing factory in China.

雅戈爾，中國最大的成衣企業之一

And this next shot here is one of the lunchrooms.

接下來一張照片是一間食堂

Everything is very efficient.

這裡一切都非常高效

While setting up this shot,

據我拍照時的觀察

people on average would spend eight to 10 minutes having a lunch.

這裡的人進餐時間普遍為八到十分鐘

This was one of the biggest factories I've ever seen.

這是我見過的最大一間廠房

They make coffeemakers here, the biggest coffeemaker

主要生產咖啡機，他們是全球最大的咖啡機製造商

and the biggest iron makers --

同時也是最大的電熨斗製造商

they make 20 million of them in the world.

生產量達兩千萬台

There's 21,000 employees. This one factory -- and they had several of them --

這裡共有兩萬一千名員工，廠房全長半公里

is half a kilometer long.

而這僅僅是他們諸多生產車間中的一處

These are just recently shot -- I just came back about a month ago,

這些都是我最近拍攝的照片，我一個月前剛剛回來

so you're the first ones to be seeing these,

所以在座各位是第一批看到這些照片的人

these new factory pictures I've taken.

這些工廠的照片

So it's taken me almost a year to gain access into these places.

我花了將近一年的時間打通關係獲准進入這些地方拍攝

The other aspect of what's happening in China

接下來讓我們看看中國的另一面

is that there's a real need for materials there.

這是一個極度渴求資源的國家

So a lot of the recycled materials that are collected here

因此我們這裡不少可回收資源

are being recycled and taken to China by ships.

都被收集起來裝船運往中國

That's cubed metal. This is armatures, electrical armatures,

剛才是金屬塊，這是轉子，發電機中間的轉軸

where they're getting the copper and the high-end steel

他們從發電機中將其取出

from electrical motors out, and recycling them.

回收上面的銅及其它貴重金屬

This is certainly connected to California and Silicon Valley.

這些廢品毫無疑問與加州或者矽谷有關

But this is what happens to most of the computers.

這是大多數計算機的最終歸宿

Fifty percent of the world's computers end up in China to be recycled.

世界上大約一半的計算機最終在中國埋骨

It's referred to as "e-waste" there.

他們管這叫做電子垃圾

And it is a bit of a problem. The way they recycle the boards

但是由於他們的回收方式，這些垃圾確實會造成問題

is that they actually use the coal briquettes,

煤爐在中國使用非常廣泛

which are used all through China, but they heat up the boards,

他們就是用煤爐加熱電路板

and with pairs of pliers they pull off all the components.

然後把零件從電路板上拔下來

They're trying to get all the valued metals out of those components.

從中提取有價值的金屬原料

But the toxic smells -- when you come into a town

但是這麼做會產生大量的有毒氣體

that's actually doing this kind of burning of the boards,

在從事這類行業的村莊周圍五公里或十公里的地方

you can smell it a good five or 10 kilometers before you get there.

你就能聞到那種刺鼻的氣味

Here's another operation. It's all cottage industries,

這是另一處回收點

so it's not big places -- it's all in people's front porches,

他們大多是一些家庭作坊，佔地面積不大

in their backyards, even in their homes they're burning boards,

也許就是在自家門口、後院甚至是房間裡面焚燒回收這些電路板

if there's a concern for somebody coming by --

也許有人會對此產生疑問

because it is considered in China to be illegal, doing it,

確實這些行業在中國是違法的

but they can't stop the product from coming in.

但事實上他們也無法制止這些行為繼續下去

This portrait -- I'm not usually known for portraits,

這是一張人像，我很少拍人像

but I couldn't resist this one, where she's been through Mao,

但這一張實在讓我無法自己

and she's been through the Great Leap Forward,

這位老人家經歷了毛澤東時代，經歷了大躍進

and the Cultural Revolution, and now she's sitting on her porch

又經歷了文化大革命，而現在她坐在自家的院子裡

with this e-waste beside her. It's quite something.

旁邊堆滿了電子垃圾，這樣的場景令人唏噓

This is a road where it's been shored up by computer boards

這條道路兩旁堆滿了廢棄的電腦主板

in one of the biggest towns where they're recycling.

這是最大的一處電子垃圾回收村

So that's the photographs that I wanted to show you.

這就是我想給大家看的所有照片

(Applause)

(掌聲)

I want to dedicate my wishes to my two girls.

我想將我的心願獻給我的兩個女兒

They've been sitting on my shoulder the whole time while I've been thinking.

在我所有思考的時光中，她們一直縈繞在我的心頭

One's Megan, the one of the right, and Katja there.

右邊的是 Megan，左邊的是 Katja

And to me the whole notion --

就我而言，所有這一切

the things I'm photographing are out of a great concern

所有這些我拍攝的照片

about the scale of our progress and what we call progress.

對於我們要做的事都有重大的意義

And as much as there are great things around the corner --

而所有這一切在這一刻

and it's palpable in this room --

在這裡

of all of the things that are just about to break

都變得觸手可及

that can solve so many problems,

這一切將會改變諸多問題

I'm really hoping that those things will spread around the world

我希望我們所做的事情

and will start to have a positive effect.

能夠對整個世界產生一些積極的影響

And it isn't something that isn't just affecting our world,

我認為，我們不光要改變我們身邊的世界

but it starts to go up -- because I think we can start correcting

還應該積極行動起來，改變我們自己

our footprint and bring it down -- but there's a growing footprint

避免繼續錯下去

that's happening in Asia, and is growing at a rapid, rapid rate,

儘管錯誤的行為還在繼續，特別在亞洲，還在愈演愈烈

and so I don't think we can equalize it. So ultimately the strategy,

儘管我知道這是一件無可奈何的事情

I think, here is that we have to be very concerned about their evolution,

但是我想這也正是為什麼我們需要關注他們的發展

because it is going to be connected to our evolution as well.

因為他們的發展同時會影響到我們的發展

So part of my thinking, and part of my wishes,

這一方面是我所想的內容，同時也是我的願望

is sitting with these thoughts in mind,

帶著這樣的想法

and thinking about,

我開始思考這些問題

"How is their life going to be when they want to have children,

“二十年後，或者十五年後

or when they're ready to get married 20 years from now -- or whatever,

當他們開始考慮婚姻、家庭和下一代

15 years from now?"

他們那時會是過著一種什麼樣的日子呢？ ”

And to me that has been the core behind most of my thinking --

無論是思索我的作品，還是思考這樣一個難得的許願機會

in my work, and also for this incredible chance to have some wishes.

這一問題都是我所有思考的核心所在

Wish one: world-changing. I want to use my images

我的第一個心願：改變世界。我想要用我的照片

to persuade millions of people to join in the global conversation on sustainability.

讓更多人開始關心永續發展這樣一個世界性話題

And it is through communications today

得益於當今傳播媒體的發達

that I believe that that is not an unreal idea.

我想這並不是一個遙不可及的願望

Oh, and I went in search -- I wanted to put what I had in mind,

我在之前做過一些調查，我希望我的願望

hitch it onto something. I didn't want a wish just to start from nowhere.

能夠腳踏實地的執行，而不是停留在紙上談兵

One of them I'm starting from almost nothing, but the other one,

儘管目前我的願望目前還沒有實現

I wanted to find out what's going on that's working right now.

但是我已經找到了一個正在實行中的類似行動

And Worldchanging.com is a fantastic blog, and that blog

Worldchanging.com是一個很棒的部落格

is now being visited by close to half-a-million people a month.

成立十四個月

And it just started about 14 months ago.

目前每月訪問量已接近五十萬人

And the beauty of what's going on there

這個網站最關鍵的一點就是

is that the tone of the conversation is the tone that I like.

他們的態度正是我所喜歡的態度

What they're doing there is that they're not --

他們並沒有走以前那些環保運動的老路

I think the environmental movement has failed

我覺得環保運動之所以失敗

in that it's used the stick too much;

主要是因為他們試圖用聳人聽聞的語調

it's used the apocalyptic tone too much;

向人灌輸環境保護的大道理

it hasn't sold the positive aspects of

而不是給人們展現環境保護的積極一面

being environmentally concerned and trying to pull us out.

讓人們試著慢慢改變

Whereas this conversation that is going on in this blog

而這個部落格正是在向人們展示

is about positive movements,

環保行動所帶來的積極影響

about how to change our world in a better way, quickly.

一些行之有效的方式，讓我們的世界變得更好

And it's looking at technology, and it's looking at new energy-saving devices,

包括新的技術，新的節能設備

and it's looking at how to rethink and how to re-strategize

新的思路，新的策略

the movement towards sustainability.

一切和永續發展相關的舉措

And so for me, one of the things that I thought

而我所能做到的

would be to put some of my work in the service of promoting

就是將我的作品

the Worldchanging.com website.

用在網站的推廣宣傳之中

Some of you might know, he's a TEDster -- Stephen Sagmeister and I

也許有些人已經知道，我和Stephen Sagmeister，他也是TED的一份子

are working on some layouts. And this is still in preliminary stages;

共同設計了一些海報，當然這還是海報的草樣

these aren't the finals. But these images, with Worldchanging.com,

而不是最終的設計結果，這些寫有網址的圖像

can be placed into any kind of media.

可以被用在任何類型的媒體上

They could be posted through the Web;

可以放在網站上

they could be used as a billboard or a bus shelter, or anything of that nature.

海報上、公交車站或者任何其他地方

So we're looking at this as trying to build out.

這是一個起點

And what we ended up discussing

我們的想法是這樣的

was that in most media you get mostly an image with a lot of text,

大多數媒體都採用大量文字配上一副插圖

and the text is blasted all over.

到處都是文字

What was unusual, according to Stephen,

根據施德明的統計，只有不到百分之五的廣告

is less than five percent of ads are actually leading with image.

是圖像主導的，十分稀少

And so in this case,

我們這樣設計

because it's about a lot of these images and what they represent,

是想要通過大量的圖片來傳遞信息

and the kinds of questions they bring up,

引人思考

that we thought letting the images play out and bring someone to say,

讓人們在看到圖片的同時就會想到

"Well, what's Worldchanging.com, with these images, have to do?"

“Worldchanging.com，還有這些圖片，這代表什麼呢？”

And hopefully inspire people to go to that website.

並希望人們能夠帶著問題打開網站

So Worldchanging.com, and building that blog, and it is a blog,

儘管Worldchanging.com現在只是一個部落格

and I'm hoping that it isn't -- I don't see it as the kind of blog

但我希望他能夠更大的發展，我從不僅僅把它當做一個部落格

where we're all going to follow each other to death.

因為這裡有我們無數人前仆後繼的努力

This one is one that will spoke out, and will go out,

我相信它能夠發出自己的聲音，能夠帶來自己的影響

and to start reaching. Because right now there's conversations

現在，就在這個網站上

in India, in China, in South America --

已經有來自印度、中國、北美的討論

there's entries coming from all around the world.

有來自世界各地的訪問者與信息

I think there's a chance to have a dialogue, a conversation

我相信總有一天我們可以藉著Worldchanging.com

about sustainability at Worldchanging.com.

實現一場關於永續發展的大對話，大討論

And anything that you can do to promote that would be fantastic.

如果你願意為促進這一切做點什麼，那真是再好不過

Wish two is more of the bottom-up, ground-up one that I'm trying to work with.

我的下一個願望更多是為了我們下一代考慮

And this one is: I wish to launch a groundbreaking competition

這個願望是：我想發起一個開創性的運動

that motivates kids to invest ideas on, and invent ideas on, sustainability.

鼓勵孩子們就永續發展貢獻自己的想法

And one of the things that came out --

這個想法是由我的提名人艾莉森

Allison, who actually nominated me, said something earlier on

在一次創意會議中提出來的

in a brainstorming. She said that recycling in Canada

在她當時談到了加拿大的垃圾回收問題的時候

had a fantastic entry into our psyche through kids between grade four and six.

我突然想到了四年級到六年級之間的小朋友們

And you think about it, you know,

大家都知道

grade four -- my wife and I, we say age seven is the age of reason,

四年級，也就是七歲左右的小孩

so they're into the age of reason. And they're pre-puberty.

他們剛剛開始發育，也剛剛開始認識社會

So it's this great window where they actually are --

所以對於這個階段的小孩而言

you can influence them. You know what happens at puberty?

我們的言傳身教就變得很重要

You know, we know that from earlier presentations.

這一點我想大家都知道

So my thinking here is that we try to motivate those kids

我以我覺得我們可以從教導孩子開始

to start driving home ideas. Let them understand what sustainability is,

讓他們從小就知道什麼是永續發展

and that they have a vested interest in it to happen.

並且培養他們對永續發展的興趣

And one of the ways I thought of doing it is to use my prize,

我想到的一個方法就是用我得到的獎金

so I would take 30,000 or 40,000 dollars of the winnings,

大約三萬到四萬美元作為獎金

and the rest is going to be to manage this project,

剩下的作為管理基金啟動這一項目

but to use that as prizes for kids to get into their hands.

通過獎金激勵兒童們參與到活動中來

But the other thing that I thought would be fantastic

按照我的想法

was to create these -- call them "prize targets."

活動最終可以評選出

And so one could be for the best sustainable idea

一個最佳校園永續發展建議獎

for an in-school project, the best one for a household project,

一個最佳家庭永續發展建議獎

or it could be the best community project for sustainability.

以及一個最佳社區永續發展項目

And I also thought there should be a nice prize

同時我還想設立一個“我的世界”藝術獎

for the best artwork for "In My World." And what would happen --

這是一個彈性很大的項目

it's a scalable thing. And if we can get people to put in things --

如果我們能吸引一部分人

whether it's equipment, like a media lab,

為這一項目投入設備或資金

or money to make the prize significant enough --

就可以讓這個項目變得引人注目

and to open it up to all the schools that are public schools,

讓所有的學校，包括公立學校

or schools that are with kids that age,

以及所有適齡兒童就讀的學校

and make it a wide-open competition for them

都參與到這個競賽中來

to go after those prizes and to submit them.

從中收集參賽作品並評出名次

And the prize has to be a verifiable thing, so it's not about just ideas.

大獎應該頒發給一個實際項目，而不是一些不切實際的想法

The art pieces are about the ideas and how they present them

藝術作品可以是他們的思路，或者實踐的過程

and do them, but the actual things have to be verifiable.

但是所有的一切必須要落在實處

In that way, what's happening is that

這麼做，我們實際上是在

we're motivating a certain age group to start thinking.

鼓勵這樣一個年齡段的小孩開始思考

And they're going to push that up, from the bottom -- up into,

通過他們來推廣永續發展的理念

I believe, into the households. And parents will be reacting to it,

我相信他們的行為可以影響他們的父母，他們的家庭

and trying to help them with the projects.

大人們會幫助他們參與到活動中來

And I think it starts to motivate the whole idea towards sustainability

而這一切最終會讓大家主動的

in a very positive way,

去關注與傳播永續發展的理念

and starts to teach them. They know about recycling now,

也許大家都會自覺的回收垃圾

but they don't really, I think, get sustainability in all the things,

我想不是所有人都會關注永續發展的方方面面

and the energy footprint, and how that matters.

並去了解永續發展的意義與影響

And to teach them, to me, would be a fantastic wish,

但我很希望每個人都能理解這一點

and it would be something that I would certainly put my shoulder into.

這也正是我在一直努力去做的

And again, in "In My World," the competition --

讓我們回到“我的世界”這個比賽話題

we would use the artwork that comes in from that competition to promote it.

我們可以使用比賽中蒐集到的藝術作品為其作為宣傳

And I like the words, "in my world,"

我喜歡“我的世界”這個主題

because it gives possession of the world to the person who's doing it.

這個主題可以讓我們認識到自己是這個世界的主人

It is my world; it's not someone else's. I want to help it;

這是我的世界，而不是別人的世界，我應該保護她

I want to do something with it. So I think it has a great opportunity

我應該為她做些什麼

to engage the imaginations -- and great ideas, I think, come from kids --

我想這是一個很好的機會去鼓勵孩子們

and engage their imagination into a project,

運用自己的想像力為這個項目

and do something for schools.

也為自己的校園生活，貢獻一些力量

I think all schools could use extra equipment, extra cash --

我覺得每個學校都應該拿出一些經費和設備

it's going to be an incentive for them to do that.

引導學生們參與到這一活動中來

And these are some of the ideas in terms of where

而我們與此同時就可以藉著這樣一些機會

we could possibly put in some promotion for "In My World."

宣傳“我的世界”這樣一個活動

And wish three is: Imax film. So I was told I should do one for myself,

我的第三個心願是拍一部IMAX電影

and I've always wanted to actually get involved with doing something.

我一直對自己說，我應該拍一部這樣的電影，這是我一直以來的心願

And the scale of my work, and the kinds of ideas I'm playing with --

當我第一次看到IMAX電影，我就發現這和我的作品

when I first saw an Imax film, I almost immediately thought,

和我一直從事的工作，有一些相同之處

"There's a real resonance between what I'm trying to do

我想，一切無論是內容還是形式

and the scale of what I try to do as a photographer."

這都與我作為一個攝影師所做的及其相似

And I think there's a real possibility

如果給我一個機會

to reach new audiences if I had a chance.

我一定會給觀眾帶來震撼的感受

So I'm looking, really, for a mentor, because I just had my birthday.

當然，我非常需要有人來幫幫我

I'm 50, and I don't have time to go back to school right now --

我剛剛過了五十歲生日，我已經沒有什麼時間花在學習上了

I'm too busy. So I need somebody

我確實很忙，所以我需要有人

who can put me on a quick catch-up course on how to do something like that,

可以幫我迅速掌握相關的操作技能

and lead me through the maze of how one does something like this.

給我的拍攝工作指出一條明路，這一定很有趣。

That would be fantastic. So those are my three wishes.

以上，就是我的三個願望

(Applause)

(掌聲)