Mick Mountz: What happens inside those massive warehouses?

19,564 views ・ 2015-07-15

TED


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00:00
Translator: Bob Prottas Reviewer: Nhu PHAM
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譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:12
I want to talk to you about,
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我想談一下,
00:15
or share with you, a breakthrough new approach
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或說分享一下一種突破性的新方法,
00:19
for managing items of inventory inside of a warehouse.
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來做倉儲的存貨管理。
00:22
We're talking about a pick, pack and ship setting here.
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我說的是取貨、包裝及出貨部分。
00:25
So as a hint,
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我給點提示,
00:27
this solution involves hundreds of mobile robots,
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這種方法要用上百個移動式機器人,
00:31
sometimes thousands of mobile robots,
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有時甚至上千個移動式機器人,
00:34
moving around a warehouse. And I'll get to the solution.
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在倉庫裡穿梭。我馬上會談方法。
00:37
But for a moment, just think
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但現在,就請大家想一下
00:38
about the last time that you ordered something online.
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你最近一次在網上購物的情景。
00:40
You were sitting on your couch
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你坐在沙發上,
00:42
and you decided that you absolutely had to have this red t-shirt.
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你看到一件紅色 T 恤, 想要的不得了。
00:46
So — click! — you put it into your shopping cart.
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於是你一點,就把它放入購物車。
00:49
And then you decided that green pair of pants
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然後你又看到一條綠色的褲子,
00:51
looks pretty good too — click!
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也很不錯。又點!
00:52
And maybe a blue pair of shoes — click!
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又發現一雙藍色的鞋子,點!
00:54
So at this point you've assembled your order.
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這個時候你已經選好一整套服裝。
00:56
You didn't stop to think for a moment that
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你一點也沒想過
00:58
that might not be a great outfit.
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這樣的搭配可能不太好看。
01:00
But you hit "submit order."
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但是你已下了訂單。
01:02
And two days later, this package shows up on your doorstep.
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兩天之後,包裹出現在你家門前。
01:06
And you open the box and you're like, wow, there's my goo.
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你打開箱子,哇,好貨來了!
01:09
Did you ever stop to think about how those items of inventory
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你是否曾經想過這些東西的存貨
01:12
actually found their way inside that box in the warehouse?
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如何從倉庫中找出再裝成包裹?
01:16
So I'm here to tell you it's that guy right there.
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我現在就告訴你,就是那傢伙做的。
01:20
So deep in the middle of that picture,
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在這張照片裡,有位小小的
01:23
you see a classic pick-pack worker
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傳統取貨包裝工人,
01:26
in a distribution or order fulfillments setting.
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在配送中心或履行訂單的地方工作。
01:29
Classically these pick workers will spend 60 or 70 percent of their day
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傳統模式下,這些取貨員 每天要花六七成的上班時間
01:33
wandering around the warehouse.
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穿梭在倉庫裡。
01:35
They'll often walk as much as 5 or 10 miles
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他們累計要走 8-16 公里
01:38
in pursuit of those items of inventory.
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來尋找所需的貨物。
01:40
Not only is this an unproductive way to fill orders,
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這不但是沒什麼效率的發貨方式,
01:45
it also turns out to be an unfulfilling way to fill orders.
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員工也沒什麼成就感。
01:49
So let me tell you where I first bumped into this problem.
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所以讓我告訴你們 我第一次碰到這個問題的情況。
01:52
I was out in the Bay area in '99, 2000, the dot com boom.
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1999-2000 年左右我在灣區, 當時正值電子商務潮。
01:57
I worked for a fabulously spectacular flame-out called Webvan.
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我為一家曇花一現的網路雜貨宅配商 網路雜貨車 (Webvan) 工作。
02:01
(Laughter)
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(笑)
02:02
This company raised hundreds of millions of dollars with the notion that
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這家公司集資了幾億美元, 吸金的概念是
02:05
we will deliver grocery orders online.
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網路超市宅配到家。
02:08
And it really came down to the fact that we couldn't do it cost effectively.
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但美夢破碎, 因為這真的不符成本效益。
02:12
Turns out e-commerce was something that was very hard and very costly.
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其實電子商務很難做,花費也大。
02:16
In this particular instance we were trying to assemble 30 items of inventory
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在這個實例裡,我們試著將 存貨中的 30 件物品
02:20
into a few totes, onto a van to deliver to the home.
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裝進袋子裡 ,裝上車並宅配到家。
02:24
And when you think about it, it was costing us 30 dollars.
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你得瞭解,這要花我們 30 美元。
02:28
Imagine, we had an 89¢ can of soup
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試想一下,一瓶罐頭湯才賣 89 美分,
02:31
that was costing us one dollar to pick and pack into that tote.
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卻要花我們 1 美元的成本 來取貨及包裝。
02:35
And that's before we actually tried to deliver it to the home.
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而且這還只是我們 宅配到家之前的花費。
02:38
So long story short, during my one year at Webvan,
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所以長話短說, 我在網路雜貨車待的一年時間裡,
02:41
what I realized by talking to all the material-handling providers
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跟很多物料運輸的廠家談過,
02:44
was that there was no solution designed specifically to solve each base picking.
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我了解到並沒有特別 為基層取貨設計的方法。
02:49
Red item, green, blue, getting those three things in a box.
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紅的物品、綠的、藍的, 把這三樣東西裝箱。
02:53
So we said, there's just got to be a better way to do this.
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所以我們就想,一定有更好的辦法。
02:56
Existing material handling was set up to pump
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現行的物料輸送法
02:58
pallets and cases of goo to retail stores.
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是把貨板和貨箱發送到零售店。
03:02
Of course Webvan went out of business, and about a year and a half later,
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當然網路雜貨車已經關門了, 在大概一年半後,
03:06
I was still noodling on this problem. It was still nagging at me.
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我仍絞盡腦汁在想這個問題。 它一直困擾著我。
03:09
And I started thinking about it again.
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我開始重新思考。
03:11
And I said, let me just focus briefly on what I wanted as a pick worker,
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我說:讓我暫時簡化問題, 如果我是取貨員我要什麼。
03:16
or my vision for how it should work.
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或是說我想怎麼做。
03:19
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:20
I said, let's focus on the problem.
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我說,讓我們回到問題本身。
03:22
I have an order here and what I want to do is I want to put
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我有一則訂單,我想做的是
03:26
red, green and blue in this box right here.
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把紅、綠和藍放進這個箱子裡。
03:28
What I need is a system where I put out my hand and — poof! —
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我需要的是一個系統, 讓我能一伸手,變!
03:31
the product shows up and I pack it into the order,
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貨物就出現在我手上, 然後我就裝進箱子裡,
03:34
and now we're thinking,
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現在我們在想,
03:35
this would be a very operator-centric approach to solving the problem.
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這是以操作員為中心的解決辦法。
03:39
This is what I need. What technology is available to solve this problem?
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這就是我想要的。 有什麼現成的科技能解決這個問題?
03:43
But as you can see, orders can come and go, products can come and go.
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但是你也知道,訂單來來去去, 貨物也來來去去。
03:47
It allows us to focus on making the pick worker the center of the problem,
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這讓我們專心把問題 重點放在取貨員上,
03:52
and providing them the tools to make them as productive as possible.
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給他們工具以提高生產率。
03:57
So how did I arrive at this notion?
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所以我是怎樣有這個概念的?
03:59
Well, actually it came from a brainstorming exercise,
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其實是從一次腦力激盪而來,
04:02
probably a technique that many of you use,
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你們大概都用過這個方法,
04:05
It's this notion of testing your ideas.
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這是考驗你的想法的一種概念。
04:07
Take a blank sheet, of course,
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當然,你要拿一張白紙,
04:09
but then test your ideas at the limits — infinity, zero.
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但考驗你想法的限制是:無限、零。
04:13
In this particular case, we challenged ourselves with the idea:
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這個例子,我們激盪一下這個想法:
04:16
What if we had to build a distribution center in China,
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假如我們在中國 蓋一座配送中心會怎樣,
04:19
where it's a very, very low-cost market?
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那裡是成本很低很低的市場?
04:22
And say, labor is cheap, land is cheap.
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比如,勞力便宜,土地也便宜。
04:25
And we said specifically,
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具體一點說,
04:27
"What if it was zero dollars an hour for direct labor
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假如直接勞工費用是每小時零美元,
04:30
and we could build a million- square-foot distribution center?"
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而且我們還能蓋一座占地 一百萬平方呎的配送中心?
04:32
So naturally that led to ideas that said,
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所以我們很自然會想到一個方法:
04:35
"Let's put lots of people in the warehouse."
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讓我們在倉庫裡放很多人。
04:36
And I said, "Hold on, zero dollars per hour,
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然後我說:等等,每小時零元,
04:39
what I would do is 'hire'
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那我要「雇」
04:42
10,000 workers to come to the warehouse every morning at 8 a.m.,
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一萬名工人每天早上八點到倉庫,
04:46
walk into the warehouse and pick up one item of inventory
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走進倉庫裡並從存貨中取一項貨品,
04:49
and then just stand there.
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然後站在那。
04:51
So you hold Captain Crunch, you hold the Mountain Dew,
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所以你拿桂格早餐片, 你拿山泉汽水,
04:53
you hold the Diet Coke.
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你拿健怡可樂。
04:55
If I need it, I'll call you, otherwise just stand there.
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我需要的時候會叫你們, 平常你們站著就好。
04:57
But when I need Diet Coke and I call it, you guys talk amongst yourselves.
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但我叫我要健怡可樂時, 你們自己傳話。
05:00
Diet Coke walks up to the front — pick it, put it in the tote, away it goes."
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拿可樂的人走到前面, 我拿、放進袋子、出貨。
05:04
Wow, what if the products could walk and talk on their own?
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哇,假如產品能自己走過來 還能自己傳話?
05:09
That's a very interesting, very powerful way
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那是非常有意思、非常強大的方法,
05:11
that we could potentially organize this warehouse.
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以這種方法管理這座倉庫好像可行。
05:14
So of course, labor isn't free,
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但是當然,勞工不可能免費,
05:16
on that practical versus awesome spectrum.
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放在現實與夢想的秤上量量就知道。
05:20
(Laughter)
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(笑)
05:21
So we said mobile shelving — We'll put them on mobile shelving.
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所以我們想到移動櫃, 我們把產品放在移動櫃上,
05:24
We'll use mobile robots and we'll move the inventory around.
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我們要用移動式機器人, 還要讓存貨移動。
05:29
And so we got underway on that and then I'm sitting on my couch in 2008.
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所以我們就開始朝那方面發展。 然後 2008 年有一天我坐在沙發上,
05:34
Did any of you see the Beijing Olympics, the opening ceremonies?
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你們看過北京奧運的開幕式嗎?
05:38
I about fell out of my couch when I saw this.
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當我看到這幕, 差點沒從沙發上掉下來。
05:41
I'm like, that was the idea!
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我就像,就是這樣啦!
05:42
(Laughter and Applause)
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(笑聲及掌聲)
05:47
We'll put thousands of people on the warehouse floor, the stadium floor.
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我們要在倉庫裡放上千人, 體育館地板上。
05:50
But interestingly enough, this actually relates to the idea
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但是夠有意思了, 這其實與另一個點子有關,
05:54
in that these guys were creating some incredibly powerful, impressive digital art,
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就是這些人創造了極為震撼、 令人讚嘆的數位藝術,
06:00
all without computers, I'm told,
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卻不用電腦,人家告訴我,
06:02
it was all peer-to-peer coordination and communication.
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這全靠同儕間的協調與溝通。
06:04
You stand up, I'll squat down.
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你一站起來我就蹲下去。
06:06
And they made some fabulous art.
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他們創造了極棒的藝術。
06:08
It speaks to the power of emergence
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這就要來講講湧現的力量,
06:10
in systems when you let things start to talk with each other.
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在你讓系統內的東西 開始自己對話後的結果。
06:14
So that was a little bit of the journey.
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那就是產品開發的過程。
06:18
So of course, now what became the practical reality of this idea?
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所以當然要看, 這個點子實踐出來是甚麼樣呢?
06:22
Here is a warehouse.
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這是座倉庫。
06:24
It's a pick, pack and ship center that has about 10,000 different SKUs.
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這是個取貨、裝貨送貨中心, 大約有一萬種不同的產品。
06:28
We'll call them red pens, green pens, yellow Post-It Notes.
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我們就說他們是紅筆、 綠筆、黃色的便利貼。
06:32
We send the little orange robots out to pick up the blue shelving pods.
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我們送這個小橘機器人 去取藍色的儲存盒。
06:35
And we deliver them to the side of the building.
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然後我們再送他們去建築物邊上。
06:37
So all the pick workers now get to stay on the perimeter.
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所以所有的取貨員都待在周圍。
06:40
And the game here is to pick up the shelves,
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玩法是去拿貨架,
06:43
take them down the highway and deliver them straight to the pick worker.
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從「高速公路」直送到取貨員那裏。
06:46
This pick worker's life is completely different.
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這位取貨員的日子完全不一樣了。
06:48
Rather than wandering around the warehouse, she gets to stay still
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她不用在倉庫裡亂走, 她只要待在某地,
06:52
in a pick station like this
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待在一個像這樣的取貨站,
06:53
and every product in the building can now come to her.
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建築物內的每個產品會走到她那裏。
06:57
So the process is very productive.
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所以整個過程非常有生產力。
07:01
Reach in, pick an item, scan the bar code, pack it out.
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伸進去、拿一個、掃描條碼、裝貨。
07:05
By the time you turn around,
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一個轉身的時間,
07:06
there's another product there ready to be picked and packed.
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另一項產品又在旁邊待命 等著取裝。
07:09
So what we've done is take out all of the non-value added
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所以我們做的是把無附加價值的
07:12
walking, searching, wasting, waited time,
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走路、搜尋、浪費、等待時間拿掉,
07:15
and we've developed a very high-fidelity way to pick these orders,
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並發展一套非常準確的方法 來取訂單上的貨,
07:19
where you point at it with a laser, scan the UPC barcode,
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你用雷射指出貨品, 掃瞄通用產品代碼,
07:24
and then indicate with a light which box it needs to go into.
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然後以光指示產品該去那個箱子。
07:27
So more productive, more accurate and, it turns out,
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所以生產力更高,更正確,結果是
07:30
it's a more interesting office environment for these pick workers.
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這個工作環境對這些 取貨員而言更有趣。
07:35
They actually complete the whole order.
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他們真的能取完整筆訂單的貨物。
07:37
So they do red, green and blue, not just a part of the order.
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所以他們拿了紅綠藍, 不是只拿訂單上的部分貨物。
07:40
And they feel a little bit more in control of their environment.
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他們覺得更能控制他們的環境。
07:43
So the side effects of this approach
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所以這項方法的副作用
07:46
are what really surprised us.
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真的嚇壞我們。
07:48
We knew it was going to be more productive.
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我們早知道這會提高生產力。
07:49
But we didn't realize just how pervasive this way of thinking
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但我們真的不知道 這個思考方式如何滲透,
07:54
extended to other functions in the warehouse.
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延伸到倉庫的其他功能上。
07:59
But what effectively this approach is doing inside of the DC
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但這個方法在配送中心有成效是因為
08:04
is turning it into a massively parallel processing engine.
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這把它變成一個大規模 平行處理的引擎。
08:08
So this is again a cross-fertilization of ideas.
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所以這又是一個互相影響的點子。
08:11
Here's a warehouse and we're thinking about
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這雖是個倉庫,但我們在想的是
08:13
parallel processing supercomputer architectures.
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平行處理的超級電腦結構。
08:16
The notion here is that you have
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這裡的概念是你有
08:19
10 workers on the right side of the screen
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10 名員工在螢幕右邊
08:21
that are now all independent autonomous pick workers.
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現在都是獨立的自主取貨員。
08:26
If the worker in station three decides to leave and go to the bathroom,
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如果三號站的人想要離開去上廁所,
08:30
it has no impact on the productivity of the other nine workers.
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也不會影響到其他九個人的生產力。
08:33
Contrast that, for a moment, with the traditional method of using a conveyor.
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相反的,如果用傳統的輸送帶,
08:37
When one person passes the order to you,
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某人傳一個訂單給你,
08:39
you put something in and pass it downstream.
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你放了某物進去再傳給下一個人。
08:42
Everyone has to be in place for that serial process to work.
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每一個人都必須在崗位上, 因為那是串列處理的工作。
08:45
This becomes a more robust way to think about the warehouse.
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這在設計倉庫時是更穩健的方法。
08:48
And then underneath the hoods gets interesting in that we're tracking
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如果仔細看內部, 很有意思的是我們還能追蹤
08:53
the popularity of the products.
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產品的受歡迎程度。
08:55
And we're using dynamic and adaptive algorithms
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我們用動態可調適演算法
08:57
to tune the floor of the warehouse.
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來調整倉庫樓面。
09:02
So what you see here potentially the week leading up to Valentine's Day.
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所以你在這看見的是 情人節前一星期的倉儲狀況。
09:07
All that pink chalky candy has moved to the front of the building
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所有的粉紅色糖都移到建築物的前面,
09:11
and is now being picked into a lot of orders in those pick stations.
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而且現在已經開始取貨, 因為有大量訂單進入。
09:14
Come in two days after Valentine's Day, and that candy, the leftover candy,
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情人節後兩天,這些糖,剩下來的糖,
09:19
has all drifted to the back of the warehouse
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就會移到倉庫後面,
09:21
and is occupying the cooler zone on the thermal map there.
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存放在溫度圖上比較冷的地方。
09:25
One other side effect of this approach using the parallel processing
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使用平行處理方法還有一個副作用,
09:29
is these things can scale to ginormous.
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就是這些東西的規模可以搞得極大。
09:32
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:33
So whether you're doing two pick stations, 20 pick stations,
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無論你有 2 個取貨站、 20 個取貨站、
09:36
or 200 pick stations, the path planning algorithms
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或 200 個取貨站, 路徑計畫演算法
09:39
and all of the inventory algorithms just work.
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及所有的存貨演算都可應用上。
09:42
In this example you see that the inventory
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在這個例子你看到存貨
09:46
has now occupied all the perimeter of the building
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現在都放在建築物四周,
09:48
because that's where the pick stations were.
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因為取貨站也在那裏。
09:51
They sorted it out for themselves.
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他們自己會搞清楚該怎麼辦。
09:53
So I'll conclude with just one final video
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所以我要最後要以一段影片總結。
09:55
that shows how this comes to bear
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這段影片顯示這個方法如何影響
09:58
on the pick worker's actual day in the life of.
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一名取貨員的實際工作狀況。
10:02
So as we mentioned, the process is to move inventory along the highway
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所以就像我們之前提到的, 處理過程是在通道上移動存貨
10:06
and then find your way into these pick stations.
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並找到去取貨站的路。
10:09
And our software in the background
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在背後跑的軟體
10:11
understands what's going on in each station,
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了解每個取貨站的狀況,
10:14
we direct the pods across the highway
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我們指揮每一個儲存盒的流向,
10:16
and we're attempting to get into a queuing system
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並試著為之排序,
10:19
to present the work to the pick worker.
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把貨物依序交給取貨員。
10:22
What's interesting is we can even adapt the speed of the pick workers.
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有趣的是我們還可以 適應取貨員的速度。
10:25
The faster pickers get more pods and the slower pickers get few.
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動作快的取貨員排得儲存盒就多, 慢的就排得少。
10:29
But this pick worker now is literally having that experience
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但這個取貨員現在真的在經歷
10:32
that we described before.
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我們之前形容的景象。
10:34
She puts out her hand. The product jumps into it.
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她伸出手,貨物就跑進去。
10:37
Or she has to reach in and get it.
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好啦,她要伸手進去拿。
10:39
She scans it and she puts it in the bucket.
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她掃描它,把它放進籃子裡。
10:41
And all of the rest of the technology is kind of behind the scenes.
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其餘那些科技都在幕後。
10:45
So she gets to now focus on the picking and packing portion of her job.
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所以她現在能專心 在取貨裝貨這部分。
10:49
Never has any idle time, never has to leave her mat.
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絕不會閒著沒事, 絕不用離開工作區。
10:52
And actually we think not only a more productive
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事實上我們認為 這不僅是更有生產力
10:56
and more accurate way to fill orders.
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準確度更高的方法以屢行訂單。
11:00
We think it's a more fulfilling way to fill orders.
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我們還認為這是更有成就感的方法。
11:03
The reason we can say that, though, is that workers
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但是我們之所以這麼說,是因為
11:06
in a lot of these buildings now compete
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很多在這種建築物內做事的員工
11:08
for the privilege of working in the Kiva zone that day.
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都爭著要去有奇華系統的區域工作。
11:12
And sometimes we'll catch them on testimonial videos
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有時候我們還在證言式廣告影片
11:14
saying such things as,
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聽到他們說這樣的話,
11:16
they have more energy after the day to play with their grandchildren,
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像他們上班一天之後 還有精力跟孫子玩,
11:21
or in one case a guy said, "the Kiva zone is so stress-free
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有個傢伙甚至還說, 奇華工作區沒有壓力
11:25
that I've actually stopped taking my blood pressure medication."
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我真的可以不用再吃降血壓藥了!
11:28
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:30
That was at a pharmaceutical distributor, so they told us not to use that video.
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那是在一家製藥配送商拍的, 所以他們告訴我們不能用那段影片。
11:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:38
So what I wanted to leave you with today is the notion that
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所以今天我想 讓你們帶回去的概念是
11:41
when you let things start to think and walk
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當你讓東西開始 思考、走路並自己溝通,
11:44
and talk on their own, interesting processes and productivities can emerge.
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就會出現有趣的處理過程及生產力。
11:49
And now I think next time you go to your front step
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現在我想下次你走到前門
11:52
and pick up that box that you just ordered online,
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拿起你網購寄來的箱子,
11:54
you break it open and the goo is in there,
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你打開它看到好貨在裡面,
11:57
you'll have some wonderment as to whether a robot
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你會好奇一下是不是有個機器人
11:59
assisted in the picking and packing of that order.
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幫著取裝那項訂單。
12:02
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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