Bruno Torturra: Got a smartphone? Start broadcasting

譯者: EMILY CHENG 審譯者: 曉旭 張

Has anyone among you ever been exposed to tear gas?

在座有人曾經接觸過催淚瓦斯嗎？

Tear gas? Anyone?

催淚瓦斯？有人接觸過嗎？

I'm sorry to hear that, so you might know that it's a very toxic substance,

我很抱歉聽到有人接觸過， 如你所知那是種毒性很強的物質，

but you might not know that it's a very simple molecule

但你可能不知道它是一個非常簡單的分子，

with an unpronouncable name:

名字很難唸，

it's called chlorobenzalmalononitrile.

叫做「chlorobenzalmalononitrile 」。

我成功了。

It's decades old, but it's becoming very trendy among police forces

它有幾十年歷史，但最近

around the planet lately, it seems,

似乎開始流行於全球的警察機關。

以我本人經驗，作為一個非自願的吸入者，

and according to my experience as a non-voluntary breather of it,

tear gas has two main but quite opposite effects.

催淚瓦斯有兩個非常不同的效果。

One, it can really burn your eyes,

一，它能嚴重灼傷你的眼睛，

and two, it can also help you to open them.

二，它也能讓你睜大眼睛、開拓眼界。

Tear gas definitely helped to open mine to something

催淚瓦斯確實讓我看到一些事情，

今天下午我想和你們分享：

that I want to share with you this afternoon:

that livestreaming the power of independent broadcasts through the web

就是「直播串流」在網路獨立廣播的力量。

can be a game-changer in journalism,

它可以成為改變新聞報導的利器，

in activism, and as I see it, in the political discourse as well.

實踐主義，以我之見，也可用於政治論述。

That idea started to dawn on me in early 2011

這個想法於2011年初開始萌芽，

when I was covering a protest in São Paulo.

那時我在報導聖保羅的抗議活動。

It was the marijuana march,

那是一次關於大麻的遊行，

a gathering of people asking for the legalization of cannabis.

人群聚集起來，要求將大麻合法化。

When that group started to move,

當示威隊伍開始移動時，

the riot police came from the back with rubber bullets, bombs,

鎮暴警察帶著橡膠子彈、炸彈和催淚彈，

and then the gas.

從隊伍後面出現。

But to make a long story short,

長話短說，

I had entered that protest as the editor-in-chief

我參加了那次示威遊行，作為一本

知名印刷雜誌的總編， 而我已為雜誌社工作了11年。

of a well-established printed magazine where I'd worked for 11 years,

and thanks to this unsolicited effects of tear gas,

多虧催淚瓦斯帶來的霸道效果，

I left it as a journalist that was now committed to new ways

我離開了那家雜誌社，並以一名記者的身分，

致力於以新的方式分享我在其中的粗淺經驗。

of sharing the raw experience of what it's like to be there, actually.

So in the following week, I was back in the streets,

在後來的一個星期，我回到街頭，

but that time, I wasn't a member of any media outlet anymore.

但這次，我不再是任何傳媒機構的一員。

I was there as an independent livestreamer, and all I had with me

而是一個獨立的現場流式傳播者，

身上帶的設備全是借來的。

was basically borrowed equipment.

I had a very simple camera and a backpack with 3G modems.

我有一個簡單的攝像機， 一個裝著3G數據機的背包，

And I had this weblink that could be shared through social media,

還有一個可以分享到社群網站的網路連結，

could be put in any website,

這個網路連結可以放入任何網站。

and that time, the protest went along fine.

那時，示威進行得相當不錯，

There was no violence.

沒有暴力、

There was no action scenes.

沒有動作場面。

But there was something really exciting,

但還是有些令人興奮的事情。

because I could see at a distance the TV channels covering it,

我看到遠處有一些電視臺在做報導，

and they had these big vans and the teams and the cameras,

他們有很大的轉播車、採訪隊和許多攝像機。

and I was basically doing the same thing

我基本上和他們做的是一樣的，

and all I had was a backpack.

而我有的只是一個背包。

And that was really exciting to a journalist,

對新聞記者來說那是真的很令人興奮。

but the most interesting part was when I got back home, actually,

實際上，但是最有趣的是當我回到家，

because I learned that I had been watched

我聽說有

9萬多人看了我的報導。

by more than 90,000 people,

and I got hundreds of emails and messages of people asking me, basically,

我收到數百封的電郵和短訊，許多人問我，

how did I do it,

我是怎麼做的，

how it was possible to do such a thing.

我如何能夠做這樣一件事。

And I learned something else, that that was actually the first time

我也得知，那是第一次

that somebody had ever done a livestreaming in a street protest

有人為一個街頭示威做「現場流式傳播」，

在這個國家里是第一次。

in the country.

And that really shocked me,

那令我非常驚訝，

because I was no geek, I was no technology guy,

因為我不是極客，也不是科技宅，

and all the equipment needed was already there,

所有需要的設備就是那些，

was easily available.

幾乎隨手可得。

And I realized that we had a frontier here,

然後我意識到，這裡有一個待開發的領域。

a very important one,

一個很重要的領域，

that it was just a matter of changing the perspective,

而那只是改變視野而已。

and the web could be actually used,

網路真正可以，

already used, as a colossal and uncontrollable

也已經被用來作為一個巨大的，

and highly anarchical TV channel, TV network,

且無法控制的電視頻道和電視網，

and anyone with very basic skills and very basic equipment,

任何有基本技能和基本設備的人，

even someone like me who had this little stuttering issue,

甚至像我有輕微口吃的人。

so if it happens, bear with me please,

如果有磕巴的地方請多包涵。

even someone like me could become a broadcaster.

甚至像我這樣的人都能成為一個傳播者。

And that sounded revolutionary in my mind.

在我心裏那聽起來很具革命性。

So for the next couple of years,

在接下來的幾年，

I started to experiment with livestreaming in different ways,

我開始實驗用不同的方式做即時流式傳播，

not only in the streets but mostly in studios and in homes,

不只是在街上，而是大多在工作室內和房子裏，

until the beginning of 2013, last year,

直到去年，2013年初，

when I became the cofounder of a group called Mídia NINJA.

我成為一個叫做「媒體隱者」 （Mídia NINJA） 的團體的共同創辦人。

NINJA is an acronym

NINJA 是縮寫，

that stands for Narrativas Independentes Jornalismo e Ação,

代表（葡萄牙文）Narrativas Independentes Jornalismo e Ação。

or in English, independent narratives, journalism, and action.

英文的意思是獨立敘事、 新聞報導、和行動。

It was a media group that had little media plan.

那是一個沒有媒體計劃的媒體團體。

We didn't have any financial structure.

我們沒有任何財政結構。

We were not planning to make money out of this,

我們沒有計劃要以此賺錢，

which was wise, because you shouldn't try to make money out of journalism now.

因為你不應嘗試從新聞報導獲利， 所以那是明智之舉。

But we had a very solid and clear conviction,

但是我們有非常堅定和清楚的信念，

that we knew that the hyperconnected environment of social media

我們知道社會媒體的超級連結，

could maybe allow us to consolidate

可能容許我們鞏固成一個

a network of experimental journalists throughout the country.

遍及全國的一個實驗性的新聞記者的廣播網。

So we launched a Facebook page first, and then a manifesto,

因此我們就先開始了一個臉書網頁， 然後一個宣言，

and started to cover the streets in a very simple way.

然後以一個非常簡單的方式， 從街道開始報導。

But then something happened, something that wasn't predicted,

然而，我們沒預料的事情發生了，

that no one could have anticipated.

沒人曾預想到的。

Street protests started to erupt in São Paulo.

聖保羅的街道上的示威者開始爆發。

They began as very local and specific.

開始時是小小的和一些特定的範圍的。

They were against the bus fare hike that had just happened in the city.

他們反對那時剛開始實施的 市區公車票漲價。

This is a bus.

那是一輛公車。

It's written there, "Theft."

上面寫著「偷盜」。

But those kind of manifestations started to grow,

但是那類的示威開始擴大，

and they kept happening.

且不斷在發生。

So the police violence against them started to grow as well.

警察對他們的暴力鎮壓也開始增強。

But there was another conflict,

但是又有另一個衝突，

the one I believe that's more important here

這個我相信對於強調我的觀點，

to make my point that it was a narrative conflict.

是更重要的。 那是一個敘事觀點的衝突。

There was this mainstream media version of the facts

那時主流媒體對這些事件的版本是，

that anyone who was on the streets could easily challenge

任何一個街上的人可以挑戰的。

if they presented their own vision of what was actually happening there.

他們代表他們自己對於那裏正在發生的 事情的版本。

And it was this clash of visions, this clash of narratives,

而正是這些互相抵觸的版本， 和互相抵觸的敘事觀點，

that I think turned those protests

將那些示威轉化成，

into a long period in the country of political reckoning

這個國家的長期的政治醞釀。

where hundreds of thousands of people,

那時數十萬人，

probably more than a million people

甚至可能一百多萬人，

took to the streets in the whole country.

在全國各地走上街頭。

But it wasn't about the bus fare hike anymore.

那時已經不只是關於公車票的漲價。

It was about everything.

而是對所有事情的示威。

The people's demands, their expectations,

大家的要求，大家的期待，

the reasons why they were on the streets

他們走上街頭的理由，

could be as diverse as they could be contradictory in many cases.

各自不同，甚至互相矛盾。

If you could read it, you would understand me.

你們若是讀的懂， 你們就會了解我。

But it was in this environment of political catharsis

但就在這個警察清除示威者的環境裏，

that the country was going through

在這個國家正在發生的，

that it had to do with politics, indeed,

肯定與政治有關。

but it had to do also with a new way of organizing,

但也因為新的組織的方式，

through a new way of communicating.

一種溝通的新方式。

It was in that environment that Mídia NINJA emerged

「媒體隱者」就在那個環境裏出現了。

from almost anonymity to become a national phenomenon,

從幾乎沒沒無名，成為一個國家現象，

because we did have the right equipment.

主要是因為我們有對的設備。

We are not using big cameras.

我們沒有大照相機。

We are using basically this.

我們基本上只用這個。

We are using smartphones.

我們使用智慧手機。

And that, actually, allowed us to become invisible in the middle of the protests,

那些實際上讓我們在示威者中成為隱形，

but it allowed us to do something else:

它使我們做不同的事：

to show what it was like to be in the protests,

透過展現在示威者中的樣子，

to present to people at home a subjective perspective.

向在家觀看的人們呈現一個主觀的觀點。

But there was something that is more important,

但更重要的是，

I think, than the equipment.

我想，比設備更重要的，

It was our mindset,

是我們的心態，

because we are not behaving as a media outlet.

因為我們不代表媒體機構。

We are not competing for news.

我們不是在為新聞競爭。

We are trying to encourage people,

我們嘗試鼓勵大家，

to invite people, and to actually teach people

邀請大家， 事實上，也教導大家。

how to do this, how they also could become broadcasters.

教他們如何做同樣的事， 也可以成為傳播者。

And that was crucial to turn Mídia NINJA from a small group of people,

關鍵的是對於將「媒體隱者」從 少數人的團體，

and in a matter of weeks,

在數週內，

we multiplied and we grew exponentially throughout the country.

我們倍增，我們在國內以 指數的倍數成長。

So in a matter of a week or two, as the protests kept happening,

在以兩週內， 當示威不斷的在發生。

we were hundreds of young people

我們數百個年輕人，

connected in this network throughout the country.

在全國各地以這個網路連接在一起。

We were covering more than 50 cities at the same time.

我們同時報導五十多個城市。

That's something that no TV channel could ever do.

那時沒有任何電視頻道可能做到的。

That was responsible for turning us suddenly, actually,

實際上，那是我們突然

into kind of the mainstream media of social media.

成為類似主流的主因。

So we had a couple of thousands of followers on our Facebook page,

在我們的臉書從約有兩千多的追隨者，

and soon we had a quarter of a million followers.

很快的成長為五十萬追隨者。

Our posts and our videos

我們的帖子和我們的影片，

were being seen by more than 11 million timelines a week.

一週被一千一百萬人所觀看。

It was way more than any newspaper or any magazine could ever do.

那是比觀看任何報章雜誌的人超出太多。

And that turned Mídia NINJA into something else,

那使「媒體隱者」

more than a media outlet, than a media project.

超越媒體機構或任何媒體專案。

It became almost like a public service

它幾乎成為像一個

to the citizen, to the protester,

為市民、為示威者、

to the activist,

為行動主義者的公共服務。

because they had a very simple and efficient and peaceful tool

因為他們有一個簡單、有效率 且和平的工具，

to confront both police and media authority.

來對抗警察和媒體權威。

Many of our images started to be used in regular TV channels.

許多我們的影像開始被 一般電視頻道所採用。

Our livestreams started to be broadcast even in regular televisions

當整個事件開始變得非常暴力，

when things got really rough.

我們的現場流式傳播甚至開始被 一般電視廣播。

Some our images were responsible to take some people out of jail,

因為一些我們的影像讓一些人得以 從監牢釋放出來，

people who were being arrested unfairly

許多人以無理的舉控，

under false accusations, and we could prove them innocent.

被不公平的逮捕， 我們證明他們的清白。

And that also turned Mídia NINJA very soon

很不幸的，那使「媒體隱者」很快的

to be seen as almost an enemy of cops, unfortunately,

幾乎被視為警察的敵人。

and we started to be severely beaten, and eventually arrested on the streets.

我們開始嚴重的被打， 最後在街上被逮捕。

It happened in many cases.

有許多那樣的案例發生。

But that was also useful, because we were still at the web,

但那也很有用， 因為我們仍然在網路上，

so that helped to trigger an important debate in the country

以至於有助於導致在國內

on the role of the media itself

關於媒體的角色，

and the state of the freedom of the press in the country.

以及媒體自由的現狀一個重要的辯論。

So Mídia NINJA now evolved

那時「媒體隱者」又更發展了，

and finally consolidated itself in what we hoped it would become:

最後自己鞏固成我們原來所希望成為的，

a national network of hundreds of young people,

一個全國性的數百個年輕人的網絡。

self-organizing themselves locally

他們在各地自行組織，

to cover social, human rights issues,

報導社會的、人權的話題。

and expressing themselves not only politically

以及表達他們自己對政治、

but journalistically.

和新聞報導的立場。

What I started to do in the beginning of this year,

因為「媒體隱者」已是一個自我組織的網路，

as Mídia NINJA is already a self-organizing network,

我在今年初開始，

I'm dedicating myself to another project.

致力於另一個專案。

It's called Fluxo, which is Portuguese for "stream."

名為「富拉索」（Fluxo）， 那是「流」的葡萄牙文。

It's a journalism studio in São Paulo downtown,

那是位於聖保羅市中心的 一個新聞報導的工作室。

where I used livestream to experiment

我以現場流式傳播實驗，

with what I call post-television formats.

我名之為「電視後格式」。

But I'm also trying to come up with ways to finance independent journalism

我也要嘗試要籌錢來資助獨立新聞報導，

through a direct relationship with an audience,

透過一種與聽眾的直接關係，

with an active audience,

與那些主動的聽眾。

because now I really want to try to make a living

因為現在我真的想要，

out of my tear gas resolution back then.

藉著我以前因催淚瓦斯下的決心賺錢生活。

But there's something more significant here,

但還有更重要的事情，

something that I believe is more important and more crucial than my personal example.

我相信是比我個人的例子更重要和更決定性的。

I said that livestream could turn the web into a colossal TV network,

我說過，現場流式傳播可能將網路變成 巨大的電視網絡。

but I believe it does something else,

但我相信它也有其他作用。

because after watching people using it,

因為看了其他人使用它以後，

not only to cover things but to express, to organize themselves politically,

他們不只是報導， 也表達和政治性地將自己組織起來。

I believe livestream can turn cyberspace into a global political arena

我相信「現場流式傳播」可以將電子世界 轉化成一個世界政治場所。

where everyone might have a voice,

藉著它，每一個人可以表達自己，

a proper voice,

以適當的聲音表達。

because livestream takes the monopoly of the broadcast political discourse,

因為「現場流式傳播」將廣播政治演講、

of the verbal aspect of the political dialogue

語言方面、 和政治對話的壟斷，

out of the mouths of just politicians and political pundits alone,

從政客與政治權威的嘴裡拿出來。

and it empowers the citizen through this direct and non-mediated power

它透過這種直接、沒有中間者的力量，

of exchanging experiences and dialogue,

經由相互交換經驗和對話，

empowers them to question and to influence authorities

以我們將要看到的方法，

in ways in which we are about to see.

讓他們可以對權威質疑和影響權威。

And I believe it does something else that might be even more important,

我相信它有其他可能更重要的作用，

that the simplicity of the technology can merge objectivity and subjectivity

科技的簡單，以我所見，可以融合政治的

in a very political way, as I see it,

主觀和客觀，

because it really helps the audience,

因為它真正幫助聽眾，

the citizen, to see the world through somebody else's eye,

公民們，透過別人的眼睛看到世界，

so it helps the citizen to put him- or herself

它也幫助公民們對他人

in other people's place.

產生同理心。

And that idea, I think, should be the intention,

我認為那個想法應該是目的，

should be the goal of any good journalism, any good activism,

應該是任何好的的新聞報導和 好的實踐主義的目標，

but most of all, any good politics.

但最重要的，任何好的政治。

Thank you very much. It was an honor.

非常感謝。 這是我的榮幸。

(Applause)

（掌聲）