Why teens confess to crimes they didn't commit | Lindsay Malloy

125,173 views ・ 2018-07-24

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翻译人员: Carol Wang 校对人员: Monkey Luffy
00:14
Tyler Edmonds,
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泰勒·埃德蒙兹,
00:16
Bobby Johnson,
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鲍比·约翰逊,
00:18
Davontae Sanford,
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达文特·桑福德,
00:20
Marty Tankleff,
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马蒂. 坦克勒夫,
00:22
Jeffrey Deskovic,
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杰弗里·德斯克维克,
00:24
Anthony Caravella
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安东尼·卡若维拉
00:27
and Travis Hayes.
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和崔维斯·海耶斯,
00:29
You probably don't recognize their faces.
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可能你并不认识他们的面孔。
他们 7 人因为莫须有的谋杀罪, 而一共服刑 89 年!
00:32
Together, they served 89 years for murders that they didn't commit;
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00:36
murders that they falsely confessed to committing when they were teenagers.
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而这些谋杀罪是 在他们十几岁时错承认的罪行。
00:41
I'm a forensic developmental psychologist,
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我是一名犯罪发展心理学家,
00:43
and I study these types of cases.
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专注研究这种类型的案例。
00:46
As a researcher,
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作为一名研究人员,
00:48
a professor
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一位教授,
00:49
and a new parent,
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和一位新家长,
00:50
my goal is to conduct scientific research that helps us understand
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我的目标是进行科学研究, 以帮助我们了解
在一个为成年人设计的法律体系中 儿童是如何被对待的。
00:55
how kids function in a legal system that was designed for adults.
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2006 年 3 月,
00:59
In March of 2006,
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01:01
police interrogated Brendan Dassey,
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警察审问了布兰登·戴斯,
01:03
a 16-year-old high school student with an IQ around 70,
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一名智商约 70 分的 16 岁的高中生,
01:07
putting him in the range of intellectual disability.
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这样的智商 属于弱智范围。
01:10
So here's just a brief snippet of his four-hour interrogation.
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这里只是对他进行 四小时审讯的简短片段。
01:15
(Video) Police 1: Brendan, be honest.
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(视频)警察 1: 布兰登, 你要说实话!
01:16
I told you before that's the only thing that's going to help you here.
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我告诉过你,在这里 只有实话实说才能帮你!
我已经了解了所发生的一切, 明白吗?
01:20
We already know what happened, OK?
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警察 2: 如果让我们发现 你不诚实的话---
01:22
Police 2: If we don't get honesty here --
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01:24
I'm your friend right now,
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现在我就是你的朋友,
01:27
but I've got to believe in you,
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但我必须信任你,
01:29
and if I don't believe in you,
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如果不信任你的话,
01:31
I can't go to bat for you.
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我就无法帮到你。
01:33
OK? You're nodding.
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对不对?你在点头。
01:35
Tell us what happened.
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告诉我们发生了什么吧。
01:36
P1: Your mom said you'd be honest with us.
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警察1 : 你妈妈说, 你会对我们诚实相告!
01:38
P2: And she's behind you 100 percent no matter what happens here.
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警察2: 不管这里发生了什么, 她都会 100% 地支持你的。
01:41
P1: That's what she said, because she thinks you know more, too.
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01:44
P2: We're in your corner.
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01:46
P1: We already know what happened, now tell us exactly. Don't lie.
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警察1: 我们已经知道发生了什么, 现在就告诉我们详情!别撒谎!
01:51
Lindsay Malloy: They told Brendan that honesty would "set him free,"
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琳达思·马洛:他们告诉布兰登, 只要说实话,就会 "放他走",
01:55
but they were completely convinced of his guilt at that point.
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但他们当时完全确信 布兰登是有罪的。
因此, 要求他诚实, 他们实际上想让他认罪,
01:58
So by honesty, they meant a confession,
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02:00
and his confession would definitely not end up setting him free.
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而且,只要他认罪, 他们就肯定不会放他走。
02:04
They eventually got a confession from Brendan
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最终,他们还是 让布兰登承认犯了罪,
02:06
that didn't really make sense,
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这样的认罪根本解释不通,
02:08
didn't match much of the physical evidence of the crime
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它与犯罪的大部分物证不符,
02:10
and is widely believed to be false.
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而且大家普遍认为 布兰登认罪是错的。
02:13
Still, it was enough to convict Brendan and sentence him to life in prison
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然而, 这足以让布兰登定罪, 2017年他被判终身监禁,
02:17
for murder and sexual assault in 2007.
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罪名是谋杀和性侵罪。
02:21
There was no physical evidence against Brendan at all.
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其实,压根就没有 对布兰登不利的任何物证,
02:23
It was nothing more than his own words
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只有他自己的认罪供词,
02:26
that sent him to prison for nearly a decade,
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就是这份供词把他送进监狱, 让他坐了近十年牢,
02:28
until a judge overturned his conviction just a few months ago.
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直到几个月前,一名法官 才推翻了对他的判决。
02:33
The Dassey case is unique because it made its way into a Netflix series,
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戴斯的案例太特殊了, Netflix电视台为此制作了系列纪录片,
片名 "制造一个杀人犯",
02:38
called "Making a Murderer,"
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02:39
which I'm sure many of you saw,
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相信你们很多人都看过,
02:41
and if you haven't, you should definitely watch it.
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如果没看过的话, 你一定要看看。
02:44
The Dassey case is also unique
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戴斯案的另一个特殊之处是,
02:46
because it led to such intense public outrage.
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它引起了强烈的公愤!
02:49
People were very angry about how Brendan was questioned,
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人们对布兰登被审问的方式 非常愤怒,
02:52
and many assumed that his interrogation had to have been illegal.
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许多人认为对他的审讯方式 应该是非法的。
02:57
It wasn't illegal.
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其实,这并不违法。
02:58
As someone who's a researcher in this area
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作为这个领域的研究人员
03:00
and is familiar with police interrogation training manuals,
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和熟悉警察审讯培训手册的人,
03:03
I wasn't really surprised by what I saw.
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我对刚才所看到的画面 并不感到惊讶。
03:06
The fact is, Dassey's interrogation itself is actually not all that unique,
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事实上, 戴斯的审讯本身 并没什么特别之处,
03:10
and to be honest with you, I've seen worse.
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老实说, 我还见过更糟的。
03:13
So I understand the public outcry about injustice
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所以,我特别理解
03:17
in Brendan Dassey's individual case.
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公众对布兰登·戴斯 个案中的不公所提出的抗议。
但请不要忘记, 在美国,
03:20
But let's not forget that approximately one million or so of his peers
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03:24
are arrested every year in the United States
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他的同龄人 每年约有 100 万人被逮捕,
03:26
and may be subjected to similar interrogation techniques,
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可能会遭受类似的审讯技术,
03:30
techniques that we know increase the risk for false confession.
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我们知道这些审讯技术 会增加错认罪的风险。
03:35
And I know many people are going to struggle with that term,
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我知道,很多人
03:38
"false confession,"
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会难以理解”错认罪’’这个词,
03:39
and with believing that false confessions actually occur.
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也很难相信 错认罪的真实存在,
03:43
And I get that.
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对此我能够理解。
03:44
It's very shocking and counterintuitive:
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这是令人非常震惊 和违反直觉的:
03:47
Why would someone confess and even give gruesome details
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如果压根儿就没犯 像强奸或谋杀这样的恐怖罪行,
为何有人会认罪,
03:52
about a horrifying crime like rape or murder
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03:56
if they hadn't actually done it?
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甚至给出令人毛骨悚然的细节呢?
03:58
It makes no sense.
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这根本就说不通呀。
04:00
And the fact is, we can never know precisely
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而事实上, 我们永远无法准确知道
04:02
how often false confessions occur.
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错认罪发生的频率。
04:04
But what we do know is that false confessions or admissions were present
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但有一点我们是清楚的---
04:08
in approximately 25 percent of wrongful convictions
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错认罪或错坦白约占 因后期DNA证据证明无罪的
04:12
of people later exonerated by DNA evidence.
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错判案例的 25%,
04:15
Turns out, they were innocent.
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事实证明, 他们是无辜的。
04:17
These cases are crystal clear because we have the DNA.
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这些案例都非常清晰, 因为我们有DNA。
04:20
So they didn't do the crime,
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因此,他们根本没有犯罪,
04:22
and yet one-quarter of them confessed to it anyway.
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却有四分之一的当事人 承认有罪。
04:27
And at this point, from countless research studies,
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大量调查研究显示, 就这一点来说,
04:30
we have a pretty good sense of why people falsely confess,
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我们很容易理解 为何人们会错认罪,
04:33
and why some people,
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为何有些人,
04:34
like Brendan Dassey,
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像布兰登·戴斯这样的人,
04:36
are at greater risk for doing so.
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更容易错认罪。
04:40
We know that youth are especially vulnerable to providing false confessions.
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我们知道, 年轻人 特别容易提错认罪。
04:45
In one study of exonerations, for example,
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例如,一项关于免罪研究的结果显示,
04:48
only eight percent of adults had falsely confessed,
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只有 8% 的成年人会错认罪,
04:50
but 42 percent of juveniles had done so.
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而高达 42% 的青少年却会那么做。
04:53
Of course, if we're just looking at wrongful convictions and exonerations,
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当然, 如果我们 只看错判和免罪的话,
04:58
we're only getting part of the story.
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我们才只看到了事情的一面。
05:00
Left out, for instance, are the many cases that are resolved by guilty pleas,
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例如, 这样的话会漏掉 很多以有罪抗辩、
05:05
not trials.
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而不是审判结案的案件。
05:06
From TV and news headlines,
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从电视和新闻头条中所看到的,
05:08
you may think that trials are the norm in our legal system,
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你可能会认为 审判是我们法律体系中的常态,
05:11
but the reality is that 97 percent of legal cases in the US
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但现实是, 美国 97% 的法律案件
05:15
are resolved by pleas, not trials.
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是通过有罪抗辩 而不是审判来结案的。
05:18
Ninety-seven percent.
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97% 呀!
05:20
Also left out will be confessions to more minor types of crimes
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还会漏掉一些 更小类型的犯罪招供,
05:24
that don't typically involve DNA evidence
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这些罪行通常不涉及 DNA 证据,
05:26
and aren't usually reviewed or appealed following a conviction.
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而且,通常不会在定罪后 复查或上诉。
05:31
So for this reason,
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正是由于这个原因,
05:32
many refer to the false confessions we actually do know about
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许多人认为 我们已知的错认罪案例
05:35
as the tip of a much larger iceberg.
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只是一个巨大冰山的一角而已。
05:39
In our research, we found alarming rates of false confession among teenagers.
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在我们的研究中, 我们发现 青少年的错认罪率高得惊人。
05:43
We interviewed almost 200 incarcerated 14-to-17-year-olds,
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我们采访了近 200 名被监禁的 14 岁至 17 岁的孩子,
其中 17% 的人说
05:48
and 17 percent of them reported
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05:49
that they'd made at least one false confession to police.
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他们至少向警方做过一次错认罪。
05:54
What's also shocking to most is that,
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让大多数人感到震惊的是,
05:57
in interrogations in the US,
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在美国的审讯中,
05:59
police are allowed to interrogate juveniles just like adults.
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允许警察 像审讯成年人一样审问青少年,
06:02
So they can lie to them --
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所以,警察可以对他们撒谎--
06:04
blatant lies like, "We have your fingerprints,
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明目张胆的谎言如, "我们有你的指纹,
06:08
we have your DNA;
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我们有你的 DNA;
06:09
your friend is down the hall saying that this was all your idea."
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你的朋友就在大厅里, 说这完全是你的主意。”
06:14
Lying to suspects is banned in the UK, for example,
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例如, 英国 禁止警察对嫌犯撒谎,
06:17
but legal here in the US,
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但这在美国合法的,
06:19
even with intellectually impaired teens like Brendan Dassey.
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即使是对待像布兰登·戴斯这样 智力受损的青少年。
06:24
In our research, most of the incarcerated teens that we interviewed
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在我们的研究中, 我们采访过的 多数被监禁的青少年说,
06:27
reported experiencing high-pressure police interrogations
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他们经历过 没有律师或父母在场情况下的
06:30
without lawyers or parents present.
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警察高压审讯。
06:33
More than 80 percent described having been threatened by the police,
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超过 80% 的人描述说 曾遭受警察威胁,
06:36
including with the possibility of being raped or killed in jail
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包括可能会在狱中 被强奸或杀害威胁,
06:40
or being tried as an adult.
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或被威胁当作成年人受审。
06:42
These maximization strategies are designed
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这些效果最大化策略的目的
06:45
to make suspects feel like denials are pointless
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是为了震慑嫌疑犯, 让他们觉得抵赖毫无意义,
06:48
and confession is the only option.
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而认罪是唯一的选择。
06:51
So you may have heard of playing the role of "good cop/bad cop," right?
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所以,你可能听说过分饰 "好警察/坏警察" 角色的策略吧?
06:54
Well, this is bad cop.
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刚才视频中 警察扮演的正是坏警察。
06:56
Juveniles are more suggestible and susceptible to social influence,
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青少年更易接受暗示、 更容易受到社会影响,
就像审讯中 来自权威人物的
07:02
like the intense pressure accusations and suggestions
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07:05
coming from authority figures in interrogations.
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强压指控和建议。
07:09
More than 70 percent of the teens in our study said
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在我们的研究中, 超过 70% 的青少年说,
07:12
that the police had tried to "befriend" them
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警方曾试图与他们 "交朋友"
07:14
or indicate a desire to help them out during the interrogation.
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或暗示希望在审讯中帮助他们。
07:18
These are referred to as "minimization strategies,"
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这些被称为 "最小化策略",
07:21
and they're designed to convey sympathy and understanding to the suspect,
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它们旨在向嫌疑犯传达同情和理解,
07:25
and they imply that a confession will result in more lenient treatment.
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他们暗示: 认罪会导致更宽大的处理。
07:30
So in the classic good-cop-bad-cop oversimplification
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所以在经典的好警察-坏警察
07:33
of police interrogations,
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过于简单化的审讯中,
07:35
this is "good cop."
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这位扮演 "好警察"。
07:36
(Video) P1: Honesty here, Brendan, is the thing that's going to help you, OK?
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(视频)警察1:布兰登, 在这里 你只有说实话才能帮你, 明不明白?
07:40
No matter what you did,
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不管你做了什么,
07:41
we can work through that, OK?
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我们都能解决的,明白吗?
07:43
We can't make any promises,
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我们虽然并不能许诺什么,
07:45
but we'll stand behind you no matter what you did, OK?
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但无论你做了什么, 我们都会支持你的, 知道吗?
07:50
LM: "No matter what you did, we can work through that."
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琳达思·马洛:“不论你做了什么, 我们都能解决。”
07:53
Hints of leniency like you just saw with Brendan
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像你刚才看到的那样, 警察给出了宽大处理的暗示,
07:55
are especially powerful among adolescents,
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这在青少年中尤其有说服力,
07:58
in part because they evaluate reward and risk differently than adults do.
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一部分原因是,他们 对好处和风险的评估异于成年人。
08:03
Confessing brings an immediate reward to the suspect, right?
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认罪会 立刻给嫌犯带来好处,对吧?
08:06
Now the stressful, unpleasant interrogation is over.
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高压、恼人的审讯终于结束了!
08:09
So confessing may seem like the best option to most teens,
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因此, 对于多数十几岁的孩子来说, 服罪似乎是最好的选择,
08:13
who are less focused on that long-term risk of conviction and punishment
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他们却没那么关心
随之而来的 因为认罪
08:17
down the road
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08:18
as a result of that confession.
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而导致的定罪和惩罚的长期风险。
08:20
I think we can all agree that thoughtful, long-term planning
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我想大家都认同这一点: 进行深思熟虑的长远规划
08:23
is not a strength of most teenagers that we know.
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并不是我们所知道的 多数青少年的强项。
08:27
And by and large, the legal system seems to get
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总的来说, 法律制度似乎了解
08:29
that young victims and witnesses should be treated differently than adults.
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应该区别对待 年轻的受害者和证人。
08:33
But when it comes to young suspects, it's like the kid gloves come off.
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但当轮到年轻的嫌犯时, 却没有区别对待之说了。
08:38
And treating juveniles as though they're adults in interrogations
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在审讯中, 把青少年当成年人对待
是个问题,
08:41
is a problem,
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08:42
because literally hundreds
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因为数以百计的
权威心理和神经科学研究证明:
08:44
of psychological and neuroscientific studies
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08:46
tell us that juveniles do not think like adults,
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青少年的思考方式异于成年人,
08:48
they do not behave like adults,
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他们的做事方式不像成年人,
08:50
and they're not built like adults.
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他们的构造不像成人。
08:53
Adolescent brains are different from adult brains --
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青春期的大脑 与成年后的大脑不同--
08:56
even anatomically.
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甚至解剖结果也不一样。
08:58
So there are important changes happening
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因此, 青春期的大脑
09:00
in the structure and function of the brain during adolescence,
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在结构和功能方面 发生了重大变化,
09:04
especially in the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system,
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特别是前额皮质 和大脑边缘系统,
09:07
and these are areas that are crucial for things like self-control,
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而大脑的这些区域
对自我控制、决策、
09:11
decision-making,
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情绪处理、管控、
09:13
emotion processing and regulation
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09:15
and sensitivity to reward and risk,
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以及对收益与风险的 敏感程度,
09:18
all of which can affect how you function in a stressful circumstance,
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所有这些都会影响到 在紧张环境中如何应对,
09:21
like a police interrogation.
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比如警察的审讯。
09:23
We need to educate law enforcement,
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我们需要教育执法人员、
09:26
attorneys, judges and jurors
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律师、法官和陪审员,
09:28
on juveniles' developmental limitations
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让他们了解青少年的发展限制、
09:30
and how they can play out in a high-stakes interrogation.
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了解在高风险审讯中 如何进行审讯。
09:34
In one national survey of police officers,
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一项对全国范围内 警察的调查结果显示,
09:36
75 percent of them actually requested specialized training
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实际上有 75% 的警察 申请进行特殊培训---
09:39
in how to talk to children and adolescents --
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培训何与儿童和青少年交谈---
他们中的大多数 根本没受过这样的培训。
09:42
most of them had had none.
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09:44
We also need to consider having special protections in place for juveniles.
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我们还需要考虑 为青少年提供特殊保护。
09:48
In his 91-page decision to overturn Dassey's conviction earlier this year,
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今年早些时候,在法官 推翻戴斯原判的91页判决书中,
他特别强调: 在审讯室里审讯时,
09:53
the judge made a big deal about the fact that Dassey had no parent
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09:56
or other allied adult
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戴斯没有父母
09:57
in the interrogation room with him.
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或其他成年亲属在场陪同。
10:00
So here's a clip of Brendan talking to his mom after he confessed,
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下面是布兰登服罪后, 与妈妈之间的对话片段,
10:04
when it was obviously far too late for him.
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显然为时已太晚!
10:08
(Video) Mom: What do you mean?
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(视频)妈妈: 你什么意思?
10:09
Brendan: Like, if his story is, like, different,
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布莱登:就好像, 如果他的故事是不同的,
10:12
like I never did nothing or something.
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好像我从来没有做过什么呀。
10:15
M: Did you?
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妈妈:你没做吗?
10:19
Huh?
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啊?
10:20
B: Not really.
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布莱登:不是我做的。
10:22
M: What do you mean, "Not really"?
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妈妈:你说“不是我做的” 是什么意思?
10:25
B: They got into my head.
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布莱登:它们跑到我脑子里去了。
10:27
LM: So he sums it up pretty beautifully there:
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琳达思·马洛:布莱登总结得很贴切:
10:29
"They got into my head."
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“它们跑到我脑子里去了!”
10:30
We don't know if the outcome would have been different for Brendan
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我们不知道 结果是否会有所不同,
10:34
if his mom had been in the interrogation room with him.
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如果当时布兰登的妈妈 在审讯室陪着他的话。
10:36
But it's certainly possible.
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不过,很可能是不同的结局。
10:38
In our research, only seven percent of incarcerated teens,
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在我们的研究中,
仅7%的监禁少年 (他们中大多数与警察打过无数次交道)
10:42
most of whom had had numerous encounters with police,
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10:45
had ever had a parent or attorney in the room with them
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在作为嫌疑犯被盘问时,
曾有家长或律师在场陪同,
10:48
when they were questioned as a suspect.
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10:50
Few had ever asked for a parent or attorney to be present.
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很少有人提出让父母 或律师在场。
10:55
And you see this in lower-stake situations, too.
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在低风险的审讯中, 你看到的情况与此类似。
10:57
We did a mock interrogation experiment in our lab here at FIU --
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我们在佛罗里达国际大学的实验室 做过一个模拟审讯实验,
11:02
with parent permission for all minors, of course,
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当然有父母对所有未成年人的许可,
11:04
and all the appropriate ethical approvals.
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以及所有相关的道德认证。
11:07
We falsely accused teens and adults of cheating on a study task --
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我们错误地指责这些青少年 和成年人在一项学习任务上作弊--
11:11
an academic dishonesty offense --
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这是一种学术上的欺诈行为--
11:13
that we told them was as serious as cheating in a class.
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我们告诉他们, 这和 在课堂上作弊一样的性质恶劣。
11:17
In reality, participants had witnessed a peer cheat,
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实际情况是,实验者 目睹了一位同龄人作弊,
11:19
someone who was actually part of our research team
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实际上, 这人是我们研究团队的成员,
11:22
and was allegedly on academic probation.
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声称自己目前正留校察看。
11:25
And we gave everyone a tough choice:
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我们让每个人 做出艰难选择:
11:27
you can lose your extra credit for participating in the study
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选择失去 因参加研究课题而得的额外学分,
11:30
or accuse your peer,
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或者选择控告同伴,
11:31
who will probably be expelled because of his academic probation status.
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选择后者的话,留校察看的同伴 可能会因此被学校开除!
11:35
Of course, in reality, none of these consequences would have panned out,
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当然, 在现实中, 这些后果都不会发生,
而且,我们随后向所有实验者 进行了全面的汇报。
11:39
and we fully debriefed all of the participants afterward.
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11:41
But most teenagers -- 59 percent of them --
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但大多数青少年-- 59%的人--
11:45
signed the confession statement,
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签署了认罪声明,
11:47
falsely taking responsibility for the cheating.
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错误地承担了作弊的责任。
11:50
Only three teens out of 74,
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74 人中, 只有 3 个十几岁的孩子,
11:53
or about four percent of them,
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或者说只有约 4% 的人,
11:54
asked to talk to a parent when we accused them of cheating,
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在当我们控告他们作弊时, 提出要与父母交谈,
11:57
despite the fact that for most of them,
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尽管事实上在整个研究过程中,
11:59
their parent was literally sitting in the next room during the study.
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他们多数人的父母 就一直在隔壁房间坐着。
12:04
Of course, cheating is far from murder,
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当然,我们也知道,
作弊 远比不上谋杀那么严重,
12:07
and I know that.
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12:08
But it's interesting that so many teens, significantly more teens than adults,
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但有趣的是,那么多十来岁的孩子, 很明显孩子多于成年人,
12:13
signed the confession saying that they cheated.
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签署了认罪书, 承认自己作弊。
12:17
They hadn't cheated,
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他们并没有作弊,
12:18
but they signed this form anyway saying that they had,
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但他们签署了这份 承认自己作弊的文件,
在这种状况下,他们几乎 没有尝试让父母参与进来,
12:21
rarely attempting to involve a parent in the situation.
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12:25
Other studies tell the same story.
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其它研究结果也与此类似。
12:27
Over 90 percent of juveniles waive their Miranda rights
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90% 以上的青少年没有使用 米兰达权利(保持沉默的权利),
12:30
and submit to police questioning without lawyers or parents present.
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在没有律师或父母在场的情况下, 他们直接回答警察盘问。
12:34
In England and Wales, interrogations of juveniles must be conducted
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在英格兰和威尔士,
12:38
in the presence of an "appropriate adult,"
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对少年犯的审讯 必须在 "合适的成年人" 面前进行,
12:40
like a parent, guardian or social worker.
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如父母、监护人 或社会工作者。
12:43
And this isn't something youth have to ask for --
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这是法律的刚性要求--- 根本不需要年轻人自己提出!
12:45
which is great, because research shows that they won't --
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这样做很好,因为研究表明
青少年不会提出这样的要求。
12:48
it's automatic.
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12:51
Now, having an appropriate adult safeguard for juveniles here in the US
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现在, 为美国的青少年 提供适当的成年人保护,
12:54
would not be a cure-all for improving police questioning of youth.
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并不是改善警察对年轻人 盘问现状的万能药,
12:59
Unfortunately, parents often lack the knowledge and legal sophistication
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不幸的是, 父母往往 缺乏知识和法律经验,
因而无法为孩子提供合适的建议。
13:03
to appropriately advise their children.
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13:05
You can just look at the case of the Central Park Five:
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你只要看一下 中央公园五少年案就明白了:
13:08
five teenagers who falsely confessed to a brutal gang rape in 1989,
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1989 年,五名十几岁的孩子 错误地承认了一宗残暴的帮派强奸案,
13:13
with their parents by their sides.
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审讯时,他们的父母 都在现场陪伴。
13:16
And it took over a decade to clear their names.
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为了洗清他们的罪名, 竟然花了十几年的时间。
13:19
So the appropriate adult really should be an attorney
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所以,合适的成年人 应该是律师,
13:22
or perhaps a trained child advocate.
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或者受过专门训练的 儿童权益倡导者。
13:26
Overturning Dassey's conviction, the judge pointed out that there's no federal law
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在推翻对戴斯的定罪后, 法官指出,
没有任何联邦法律要求警察 哪怕是通知一下被审讯的
13:30
requiring that the police even inform a juvenile's parent
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青少年的父母,
13:33
that the juvenile is being questioned
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13:35
or honor that juvenile's request to have a parent in the room.
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或者尊重该少年的请求 在审讯时有家长在场。
13:39
So if you think about all of this together for a second:
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所以, 如果你快速思考下面的信息:
13:42
as a country, we've decided that juveniles cannot be trusted
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国家层面规定,
有些事情青少年不能被信任, 如投票、
13:46
with things like voting,
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13:48
buying cigarettes,
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购买香烟,
13:49
attending an R-rated movie
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看R级片
13:51
or driving,
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或开车,
13:52
but they can make the judgment call to waive their Miranda rights,
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但国家却认为青少年能作出判断 而放弃他们的米兰达权利,
13:56
rights that we know from research, most teens don't understand or appreciate.
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而我们从研究中得知, 大多数青少年 根本不理解或领会米兰达权利。
14:01
And parents in the room: depending on the state that you live in,
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今天在会场的家长们: 根据你们所在的州的不同,
14:04
your child can potentially waive these rights without your knowledge
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你的孩子可以 在你可能并不知情的情况下,
14:07
and without consulting any adult first.
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放弃米兰达权利,而且 事先不会征求任何成年人的意见!
14:11
Now, no one -- and certainly not me -- wants to prevent police
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现在, 没有人---当然也不是我---
14:14
from doing the very important investigative work
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想阻止警察进行日常的、
14:17
that they do every day.
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重要的调查取证工作,
14:19
But we need to make sure that they have appropriate training for talking to youth.
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但是, 我们需要确保他们接受过 适当的、如何与青少年交谈的培训。
14:23
As a parent and as a researcher,
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作为一名家长和研究人员,
14:25
I think we can do better.
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我认为 我们可以做得更好。
14:28
I think we can take steps to prevent another Brendan Dassey,
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在从儿童和青少年身上 获取关键信息
14:31
while still getting the crucial information that we need
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以解决犯罪的同时,
我们也要采取措施,
14:35
from children and teens
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14:36
to solve crimes.
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去防止另一个布莱登·戴斯案的发生!
14:37
Thank you.
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谢谢大家!
14:39
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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