Why teens confess to crimes they didn't commit | Lindsay Malloy

126,475 views ใƒป 2018-07-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Or Sternberg ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
Tyler Edmonds,
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ืก,
00:16
Bobby Johnson,
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ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ,
00:18
Davontae Sanford,
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ื“ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื” ืกื ืคื•ืจื“,
00:20
Marty Tankleff,
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ืžืจื˜ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืœืฃ,
00:22
Jeffrey Deskovic,
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ื’'ืคืจื™ ื“ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืง,
00:24
Anthony Caravella
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ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืงืจืื‘ืœื”
00:27
and Travis Hayes.
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ื•ื˜ืจืื‘ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ืก.
00:29
You probably don't recognize their faces.
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:32
Together, they served 89 years for murders that they didn't commit;
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœื 89 ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ ืจืฆื— ืฉื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื•.
00:36
murders that they falsely confessed to committing when they were teenagers.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžืกืจื• ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— ื”ืืœื”.
00:41
I'm a forensic developmental psychologist,
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ืื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื,
00:43
and I study these types of cases.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
00:46
As a researcher,
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ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช,
00:48
a professor
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ืช
00:49
and a new parent,
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ื•ืืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”,
00:50
my goal is to conduct scientific research that helps us understand
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
00:55
how kids function in a legal system that was designed for adults.
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00:59
In March of 2006,
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006,
01:01
police interrogated Brendan Dassey,
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื™.
01:03
a 16-year-old high school student with an IQ around 70,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™"ืก ื‘ืŸ 16, ื‘ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืžืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-70.
01:07
putting him in the range of intellectual disability.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช.
01:10
So here's just a brief snippet of his four-hour interrogation.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืงื˜ืข ืงืฆืจ ืžื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” 4 ืฉืขื•ืช.
01:15
(Video) Police 1: Brendan, be honest.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 1: ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ.
01:16
I told you before that's the only thing that's going to help you here.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืคื”.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื”, ื”ื‘ื ืช?
01:20
We already know what happened, OK?
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01:22
Police 2: If we don't get honesty here --
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 2: ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช --
01:24
I'm your friend right now,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:27
but I've got to believe in you,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืš,
01:29
and if I don't believe in you,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืืืžื™ืŸ ืœืš,
01:31
I can't go to bat for you.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš.
01:33
OK? You're nodding.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ื”ื ื”, ืืชื” ืžื”ื ื”ืŸ.
01:35
Tell us what happened.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืงืจื”.
01:36
P1: Your mom said you'd be honest with us.
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 1: ืืžื ืฉืœืš ืืžืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื•.
01:38
P2: And she's behind you 100 percent no matter what happens here.
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 2: ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืš ื‘-100%, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืคื”.
01:41
P1: That's what she said, because she thinks you know more, too.
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 1: ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:44
P2: We're in your corner.
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 2: ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœืš.
01:46
P1: We already know what happened, now tell us exactly. Don't lie.
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 1: ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื”. ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงืจื”, ืืœ ืชืฉืงืจ.
01:51
Lindsay Malloy: They told Brendan that honesty would "set him free,"
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ืœื™ื ื“ืกื™ ืžืืœื•ื•ื™: ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ.
01:55
but they were completely convinced of his guilt at that point.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฉื.
01:58
So by honesty, they meant a confession,
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘"ื›ื ื•ืช" ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”,
02:00
and his confession would definitely not end up setting him free.
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•.
02:04
They eventually got a confession from Brendan
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืžื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืื”.
02:06
that didn't really make sense,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:08
didn't match much of the physical evidence of the crime
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข,
02:10
and is widely believed to be false.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื.
02:13
Still, it was enough to convict Brendan and sentence him to life in prison
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืฉื™ืข ืืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื
02:17
for murder and sexual assault in 2007.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื— ื•ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘-2007.
02:21
There was no physical evidence against Brendan at all.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฃ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืžืจืฉื™ืขื” ืืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ.
02:23
It was nothing more than his own words
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:26
that sent him to prison for nearly a decade,
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ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื ืœืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืจ.
02:28
until a judge overturned his conviction just a few months ago.
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ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื—ืจ ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:33
The Dassey case is unique because it made its way into a Netflix series,
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ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื“ืกื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ ืขืฉื• ืขืœื™ื• ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก,
02:38
called "Making a Murderer,"
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื—".
02:39
which I'm sure many of you saw,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืจืื•,
02:41
and if you haven't, you should definitely watch it.
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ื•ืื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื, ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
02:44
The Dassey case is also unique
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ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื“ืกื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:46
because it led to such intense public outrage.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื’ืจื ืœืžื—ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:49
People were very angry about how Brendan was questioned,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืกื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ,
02:52
and many assumed that his interrogation had to have been illegal.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™.
02:57
It wasn't illegal.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™.
02:58
As someone who's a researcher in this area
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื,
03:00
and is familiar with police interrogation training manuals,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
03:03
I wasn't really surprised by what I saw.
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ืืžืจ: "ืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™".
03:06
The fact is, Dassey's interrogation itself is actually not all that unique,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืกื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
03:10
and to be honest with you, I've seen worse.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืจืื™ืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื”.
03:13
So I understand the public outcry about injustice
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ืื™-ื”ืฆื“ืง
03:17
in Brendan Dassey's individual case.
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ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื™.
03:20
But let's not forget that approximately one million or so of his peers
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื•
03:24
are arrested every year in the United States
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ื ืขืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
03:26
and may be subjected to similar interrogation techniques,
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
03:30
techniques that we know increase the risk for false confession.
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื.
03:35
And I know many people are going to struggle with that term,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” -
03:38
"false confession,"
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"ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื",
03:39
and with believing that false confessions actually occur.
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ื•ืืฃ ื™ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.
03:43
And I get that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื.
03:44
It's very shocking and counterintuitive:
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ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™:
03:47
Why would someone confess and even give gruesome details
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื™ืžืกื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื
03:52
about a horrifying crime like rape or murder
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ืขืœ ืคืฉืข ืื™ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืจืฆื— ืื• ืื•ื ืก,
03:56
if they hadn't actually done it?
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืชื•?
03:58
It makes no sense.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
04:00
And the fact is, we can never know precisely
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
04:02
how often false confessions occur.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืžืกืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื.
04:04
But what we do know is that false confessions or admissions were present
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•
04:08
in approximately 25 percent of wrongful convictions
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ื‘ื›-25% ืžื”ืจืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื
04:12
of people later exonerated by DNA evidence.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื›ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช DNA.
04:15
Turns out, they were innocent.
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข.
04:17
These cases are crystal clear because we have the DNA.
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ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”-DNA.
04:20
So they didn't do the crime,
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ืื– ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืคืฉืข,
04:22
and yet one-quarter of them confessed to it anyway.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
04:27
And at this point, from countless research studies,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื,
04:30
we have a pretty good sense of why people falsely confess,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื,
04:33
and why some people,
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
04:34
like Brendan Dassey,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื™,
04:36
are at greater risk for doing so.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:40
We know that youth are especially vulnerable to providing false confessions.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื.
04:45
In one study of exonerations, for example,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืง ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:48
only eight percent of adults had falsely confessed,
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ืฉืจืง 8% ืžื”ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื• ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื,
04:50
but 42 percent of juveniles had done so.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช 42% ืžื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
04:53
Of course, if we're just looking at wrongful convictions and exonerations,
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืจืง ื”ืจืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื,
04:58
we're only getting part of the story.
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ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:00
Left out, for instance, are the many cases that are resolved by guilty pleas,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืชื™ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ,
05:05
not trials.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜.
05:06
From TV and news headlines,
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ืžืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:08
you may think that trials are the norm in our legal system,
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ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื• ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:11
but the reality is that 97 percent of legal cases in the US
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” 97% ืžื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
05:15
are resolved by pleas, not trials.
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ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
05:18
Ninety-seven percent.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-97%.
05:20
Also left out will be confessions to more minor types of crimes
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:24
that don't typically involve DNA evidence
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ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช DNA
05:26
and aren't usually reviewed or appealed following a conviction.
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ื•ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื• ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉืขื”.
05:31
So for this reason,
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ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:32
many refer to the false confessions we actually do know about
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
05:35
as the tip of a much larger iceberg.
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ื›ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:39
In our research, we found alarming rates of false confession among teenagers.
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ.
05:43
We interviewed almost 200 incarcerated 14-to-17-year-olds,
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ืจืื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 200 ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ 14 ืขื“ 17 ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื,
05:48
and 17 percent of them reported
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ื•-17% ืžื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื•
05:49
that they'd made at least one false confession to police.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืกืจื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื ืื—ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
05:54
What's also shocking to most is that,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
05:57
in interrogations in the US,
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ืฉื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:59
police are allowed to interrogate juveniles just like adults.
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื.
06:02
So they can lie to them --
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืงืจ ืœื”ื --
06:04
blatant lies like, "We have your fingerprints,
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ืฉืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœืš",
06:08
we have your DNA;
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœืš",
06:09
your friend is down the hall saying that this was all your idea."
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"ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืš ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš".
06:14
Lying to suspects is banned in the UK, for example,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืงืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:17
but legal here in the US,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
06:19
even with intellectually impaired teens like Brendan Dassey.
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ืืฃ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืขืจ ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื™.
06:24
In our research, most of the incarcerated teens that we interviewed
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื
06:27
reported experiencing high-pressure police interrogations
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”,
06:30
without lawyers or parents present.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
06:33
More than 80 percent described having been threatened by the police,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80% ืกื™ืคืจื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ื,
06:36
including with the possibility of being raped or killed in jail
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื ืก ืื• ืœื”ื™ืจืฆื— ื‘ื›ืœื,
06:40
or being tried as an adult.
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืคื˜ ื›ื‘ื’ื™ืจ.
06:42
These maximization strategies are designed
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"ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื–ืฆื™ื”" ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช
06:45
to make suspects feel like denials are pointless
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื,
06:48
and confession is the only option.
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
06:51
So you may have heard of playing the role of "good cop/bad cop," right?
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืคืขื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืจืข", ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:54
Well, this is bad cop.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืจืข.
06:56
Juveniles are more suggestible and susceptible to social influence,
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
07:02
like the intense pressure accusations and suggestions
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™
07:05
coming from authority figures in interrogations.
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ื•ืจืžื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
07:09
More than 70 percent of the teens in our study said
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-70% ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืืžืจื•
07:12
that the police had tried to "befriend" them
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• "ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“" ืื™ืชื
07:14
or indicate a desire to help them out during the interrogation.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
07:18
These are referred to as "minimization strategies,"
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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื•ืช "ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”",
07:21
and they're designed to convey sympathy and understanding to the suspect,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื—ืฉ ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
07:25
and they imply that a confession will result in more lenient treatment.
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ื•ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:30
So in the classic good-cop-bad-cop oversimplification
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืจืข"
07:33
of police interrogations,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
07:35
this is "good cop."
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘".
07:36
(Video) P1: Honesty here, Brendan, is the thing that's going to help you, OK?
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืฉื•ื˜ืจ 1: ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš, ื”ื‘ื ืช?
07:40
No matter what you did,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช,
07:41
we can work through that, OK?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื‘ื ืช?
07:43
We can't make any promises,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ืœื•ื,
07:45
but we'll stand behind you no matter what you did, OK?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืš ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช?
07:50
LM: "No matter what you did, we can work through that."
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ืœื ื“ืกื™: "ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“".
07:53
Hints of leniency like you just saw with Brendan
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ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ
07:55
are especially powerful among adolescents,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ,
07:58
in part because they evaluate reward and risk differently than adults do.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
08:03
Confessing brings an immediate reward to the suspect, right?
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ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:06
Now the stressful, unpleasant interrogation is over.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ื”ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจื”.
08:09
So confessing may seem like the best option to most teens,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ
08:13
who are less focused on that long-term risk of conviction and punishment
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ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืจืฉืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ืื• ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ,
08:17
down the road
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ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš
08:18
as a result of that confession.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:20
I think we can all agree that thoughtful, long-term planning
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
08:23
is not a strength of most teenagers that we know.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ.
08:27
And by and large, the legal system seems to get
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
08:29
that young victims and witnesses should be treated differently than adults.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืก ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
08:33
But when it comes to young suspects, it's like the kid gloves come off.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:38
And treating juveniles as though they're adults in interrogations
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ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืงื™ืจื”
ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื”,
08:41
is a problem,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ืช
08:42
because literally hundreds
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื• ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
08:44
of psychological and neuroscientific studies
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื,
08:46
tell us that juveniles do not think like adults,
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08:48
they do not behave like adults,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื,
08:50
and they're not built like adults.
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ื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื.
08:53
Adolescent brains are different from adult brains --
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืจ --
08:56
even anatomically.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
08:58
So there are important changes happening
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื
09:00
in the structure and function of the brain during adolescence,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
09:04
especially in the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช,
09:07
and these are areas that are crucial for things like self-control,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
09:11
decision-making,
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ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
09:13
emotion processing and regulation
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ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
09:15
and sensitivity to reward and risk,
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ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:18
all of which can affect how you function in a stressful circumstance,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ,
09:21
like a police interrogation.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
09:23
We need to educate law enforcement,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง,
09:26
attorneys, judges and jurors
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ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
09:28
on juveniles' developmental limitations
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื,
09:30
and how they can play out in a high-stakes interrogation.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ.
09:34
In one national survey of police officers,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
09:36
75 percent of them actually requested specialized training
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75% ืžื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
09:39
in how to talk to children and adolescents --
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ --
09:42
most of them had had none.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ื–ืืช.
09:44
We also need to consider having special protections in place for juveniles.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื.
09:48
In his 91-page decision to overturn Dassey's conviction earlier this year,
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ื‘-91 ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืกื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”,
09:53
the judge made a big deal about the fact that Dassey had no parent
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื“ืกื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื
09:56
or other allied adult
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ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืื’ ืœื•
09:57
in the interrogation room with him.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
10:00
So here's a clip of Brendan talking to his mom after he confessed,
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืœื•.
10:04
when it was obviously far too late for him.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
10:08
(Video) Mom: What do you mean?
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืืžื: ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ?
10:09
Brendan: Like, if his story is, like, different,
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ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื ื”,
10:12
like I never did nothing or something.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:15
M: Did you?
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ืืžื: ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืขืฉื™ืช?
10:19
Huh?
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ืื”?
10:20
B: Not really.
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ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ: ืœื ืžืžืฉ.
10:22
M: What do you mean, "Not really"?
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ืืžื: ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืœื ืžืžืฉ"?
10:25
B: They got into my head.
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ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื™ ืœืจืืฉ.
10:27
LM: So he sums it up pretty beautifully there:
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ืœื ื“ืกื™: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ:
10:29
"They got into my head."
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"ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื™ ืœืจืืฉ".
10:30
We don't know if the outcome would have been different for Brendan
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ
10:34
if his mom had been in the interrogation room with him.
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ืื™ืœื• ืืžื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
10:36
But it's certainly possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ.
10:38
In our research, only seven percent of incarcerated teens,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืจืง ืœ-7% ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื,
10:42
most of whom had had numerous encounters with police,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
10:45
had ever had a parent or attorney in the room with them
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืื• ืขื•"ื“ ืฉื ื›ื— ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื
10:48
when they were questioned as a suspect.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืฉืืœื• ื›ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื.
10:50
Few had ever asked for a parent or attorney to be present.
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ื—ืœืงื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืื• ืขื•"ื“.
10:55
And you see this in lower-stake situations, too.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
10:57
We did a mock interrogation experiment in our lab here at FIU --
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช FIU --
11:02
with parent permission for all minors, of course,
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ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
11:04
and all the appropriate ethical approvals.
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ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื.
11:07
We falsely accused teens and adults of cheating on a study task --
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ื”ืืฉืžื ื• ื”ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืจื™ืžื• ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ --
11:11
an academic dishonesty offense --
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืจืžื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
11:13
that we told them was as serious as cheating in a class.
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ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืชืงื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
11:17
In reality, participants had witnessed a peer cheat,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืขืชื™ืง,
11:19
someone who was actually part of our research team
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:22
and was allegedly on academic probation.
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ื•ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
11:25
And we gave everyone a tough choice:
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ื•ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”:
11:27
you can lose your extra credit for participating in the study
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
11:30
or accuse your peer,
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ืื• ืฉืชืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื›ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™,
11:31
who will probably be expelled because of his academic probation status.
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืกื•ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
11:35
Of course, in reality, none of these consequences would have panned out,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ,
11:39
and we fully debriefed all of the participants afterward.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืกื™ืคืจื ื• ื–ืืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.
11:41
But most teenagers -- 59 percent of them --
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ, 59% ืžื”ื,
11:45
signed the confession statement,
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ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื“ืื”,
11:47
falsely taking responsibility for the cheating.
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ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืชืงื”.
11:50
Only three teens out of 74,
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ืจืง 3 ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืžืชื•ืš 74,
11:53
or about four percent of them,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืจืš 4% ืžื”ื,
11:54
asked to talk to a parent when we accused them of cheating,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื”.
11:57
despite the fact that for most of them,
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ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ื
11:59
their parent was literally sitting in the next room during the study.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
12:04
Of course, cheating is far from murder,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืขืชืงื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืจืฆื—,
12:07
and I know that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื”.
12:08
But it's interesting that so many teens, significantly more teens than adults,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ - ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืžืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
12:13
signed the confession saying that they cheated.
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ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ืขืชื™ืงื•.
12:17
They hadn't cheated,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•,
12:18
but they signed this form anyway saying that they had,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
12:21
rarely attempting to involve a parent in the situation.
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ื›ืฉืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”.
12:25
Other studies tell the same story.
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ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
12:27
Over 90 percent of juveniles waive their Miranda rights
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90% ืžื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื
12:30
and submit to police questioning without lawyers or parents present.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืœื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
12:34
In England and Wales, interrogations of juveniles must be conducted
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœืก, ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš
12:38
in the presence of an "appropriate adult,"
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ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื—ืจืื™",
12:40
like a parent, guardian or social worker.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื”, ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™.
12:43
And this isn't something youth have to ask for --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ --
12:45
which is great, because research shows that they won't --
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ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื›ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื --
12:48
it's automatic.
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ื–ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.
12:51
Now, having an appropriate adult safeguard for juveniles here in the US
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ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
12:54
would not be a cure-all for improving police questioning of youth.
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ืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชืจื•ืคืช ืคืœื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
12:59
Unfortunately, parents often lack the knowledge and legal sophistication
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ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืืช ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™
13:03
to appropriately advise their children.
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ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ.
13:05
You can just look at the case of the Central Park Five:
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ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ ืคืืจืง:
13:08
five teenagers who falsely confessed to a brutal gang rape in 1989,
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5 ื ืขืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืจื• ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื•ื ืก ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘-1989,
13:13
with their parents by their sides.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืฆื“ื.
13:16
And it took over a decade to clear their names.
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ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื.
13:19
So the appropriate adult really should be an attorney
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•"ื“,
13:22
or perhaps a trained child advocate.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืกื ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
13:26
Overturning Dassey's conviction, the judge pointed out that there's no federal law
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืกื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืคื“ืจืœื™
13:30
requiring that the police even inform a juvenile's parent
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ
13:33
that the juvenile is being questioned
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ืฉื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื”
13:35
or honor that juvenile's request to have a parent in the room.
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ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื™ื ื›ื— ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
13:39
So if you think about all of this together for a second:
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ืื– ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“:
13:42
as a country, we've decided that juveniles cannot be trusted
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ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื
13:46
with things like voting,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
13:48
buying cigarettes,
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช,
13:49
attending an R-rated movie
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื• ืžื’ื™ืœ 17,
13:51
or driving,
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ืื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
13:52
but they can make the judgment call to waive their Miranda rights,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
13:56
rights that we know from research, most teens don't understand or appreciate.
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™.
14:01
And parents in the room: depending on the state that you live in,
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ืื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ: ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื,
14:04
your child can potentially waive these rights without your knowledge
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ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื›ื
14:07
and without consulting any adult first.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœืคื ื™.
14:11
Now, no one -- and certainly not me -- wants to prevent police
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ - ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื™ - ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
14:14
from doing the very important investigative work
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
14:17
that they do every day.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•.
14:19
But we need to make sure that they have appropriate training for talking to youth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ.
14:23
As a parent and as a researcher,
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ื›ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืงื“ืžืื™ืช,
14:25
I think we can do better.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:28
I think we can take steps to prevent another Brendan Dassey,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
14:31
while still getting the crucial information that we need
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
14:35
from children and teens
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ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ
14:36
to solve crimes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื— ืคืฉืขื™ื.
14:37
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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